tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-86836817020391300812024-03-15T18:10:02.455-07:00Defending the Crusader KingdomsThis blog is dedicated to discussing the Crusader Kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus. Dr. Schrader holds a PhD in History from the University of Hamburg.
For more information visit: http://defenderofjerusalem.com or http://crusaderkingdoms.comHelena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.comBlogger488125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-67111800437898145652023-12-06T02:30:00.017-08:002024-01-20T04:28:30.634-08:00Swansong of the House of Ibelin<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="color: #3333ff;">By
the mid-thirteenth century, the House of Ibelin, had many branches and through
marriage was interrelated with nearly all the prominent families of Outremer.
Although from 1259 to the end of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, no Ibelin held the
position of baillie or regent, the family was neither obliterated nor
powerless.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet it was undoubtedly in
decline</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_1fw85uMcbO-alpMZ1YbDhLr-_xnbWuHLVfFghUni6FbIVmwkpXbFKmb5bL7Az0R8LRebluACaAj1pjmZ07coz9DwzBL3X478XlADOmU860sfHHaEfb7S-KwHLkjIjU7EO1R8BUja2u2eH3uWApu-lyrw220QV-fdSDaxxYks4dnZT6uuSqWHjBf1RTrO/s989/Funeral.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="819" data-original-width="989" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_1fw85uMcbO-alpMZ1YbDhLr-_xnbWuHLVfFghUni6FbIVmwkpXbFKmb5bL7Az0R8LRebluACaAj1pjmZ07coz9DwzBL3X478XlADOmU860sfHHaEfb7S-KwHLkjIjU7EO1R8BUja2u2eH3uWApu-lyrw220QV-fdSDaxxYks4dnZT6uuSqWHjBf1RTrO/s320/Funeral.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Balian of Arsur (son of John of Arsur) was constable of the
kingdom from 1268 to 1277, and Baldwin d’Ibelin was constable of Jerusalem in
1286. Although Balian of Beirut’s heir, John of Beirut, never played an
important role in the kingdom, Jaffa’s younger son, Balian of Jaffa, was a
chamberlain of the kingdom 1283-1285. This, however, was the last known Ibelin
to hold an office in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">In Cyprus, the family remained powerful for considerably longer,
while three sons of Jaffa and two of his daughters settled in Armenia. In
Cyprus, Ibelins held the post of constable from 1247-1256 (Guy d’Ibelin, son of
John of Beirut), 1286 (Baldwin d’Ibelin, father unknown) and 1302 (Philip
d’Ibelin, and brother of the ruling queen). Jaffa’s eldest son James
established himself as a legal expert in Cyprus and was extremely successful in
pleading cases in the courts, although the legal treatise he wrote is not
regarded as highly as his father’s work. Philip d’Ibelin, a son of Guy
d’Ibelin, held the powerful position of seneschal for Henry II and remained
loyal to him during the revolt of 1306. Other Ibelins found themselves on the
other side, and the family weathered the dynastic crisis of 1306-1310 well. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Meanwhile, the daughters of the house were marrying into the royal
family on a nearly regular basis. Isabella d’Ibelin, the daughter of Guy
d’Ibelin (the youngest son of John of Beirut), married Hugh III. Eschiva, a
granddaughter of Balian of Beirut, married Guy de Lusignan and was the mother
of Hugh IV, who himself married first a Marie d’Ibelin, and later, an Alice
d’Ibelin. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">The Ibelins remained powerful noblemen in Cyprus until the war
with the Genoese, 1373-1374. The Genoese beheaded the last titular lord of
Arsur, a direct descendant of the first Ibelin lord of Arsur, son of John of
Beirut. Another Ibelin, Nicholas, probably still a child, was sent as a hostage
to Genoa and never heard from again. Although descendants of the House of
Ibelin may have survived in Armenia or through the female line (and wherever
the name Balian surfaces, an Ibelin connection can be suspected), the last male
known to bear the name of Ibelin disappeared from the historical record in
1374. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Like the crusader states themselves, the House of Ibelin faded
from prominence and memory to be remembered only occasionally by historians,
novelists and filmmakers. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. Helvis and Meg are characters in <i>The Last Crusader Kingdom</i>. <i><br /></i></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">For more about the Ibelins and the world they lived in read:</span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-67210886111138181112023-11-29T02:30:00.026-08:002023-11-29T02:30:00.145-08:00The House of Ibelin: John, Count of Jaffa<p style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;"><span lang="EN-US">Without doubt,
the most famous of the fourth generation of Ibelins — and arguably the
best-known Ibelin today — was John of Jaffa, the son of Philip. His fame
derives not from deeds of arms and high politics, but rather from a book
commonly known as the ‘Assises of Jerusalem’<i>, </i>described as </span><span lang="EN-US">one of the great works of thirteenth-century
thought.<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>
This was his final legacy, written at the end of an eventful life.</span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #3333ff;"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDv02Sjpoyhf40ZUOCSRKURYoLESGdar-XhPe16EmPdF7dAGp9a5NmdVU8t77zx8xQh4te6gg-lEOqev63wNY1AgkWa7tknW0pcb0XWjzpvR0DD-YnhNyRaHVxX_N_c_qpUgCk2t8bwKDVMyrFrrhMfPm0mKGUr8Cn9lWDA6JvIvl7wmAPQQNBMy1V3H9W/s631/medieval-scholar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="631" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDv02Sjpoyhf40ZUOCSRKURYoLESGdar-XhPe16EmPdF7dAGp9a5NmdVU8t77zx8xQh4te6gg-lEOqev63wNY1AgkWa7tknW0pcb0XWjzpvR0DD-YnhNyRaHVxX_N_c_qpUgCk2t8bwKDVMyrFrrhMfPm0mKGUr8Cn9lWDA6JvIvl7wmAPQQNBMy1V3H9W/s320/medieval-scholar.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">John was born
in Cyprus two years before his father became regent, and the first fourteen
years of his life were probably ones of wealth and privilege. All that abruptly
ended when, in February 1229, Emperor Frederick II sent the Sicilian Count of
Cotron to lay waste to the Ibelin’s lands. In fear for their lives, John’s
mother, Alice de Montbéliard, fled with her children in a small boat,
encountering such storms, they all nearly drowned. Having barely escaped death
at sea, John arrived in Syria to find the emperor had already given orders to
disseize him of his estates. He had not yet come of age, much less taken any
action against the emperor; his crime was simply being an Ibelin. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Unsurprisingly,
he became a staunch supporter of his uncle, the Lord of Beirut. In 1232, aged
seventeen, he was present at the debacle at Casal Imbert and was wounded in the
engagement. The experience did not dull John’s ardour for the Ibelin cause;
shortly afterwards, he sold properties in Acre to help finance the expedition
to Cyprus. He took part in the campaign that ended with the Ibelin victory at
Agridi and was tasked by his uncle of Beirut with rounding up the imperial
troops still at large. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Throughout
the next decade, he was in regular attendance at the High Court of Cyprus,
where he was one of the most powerful lords. In 1237, King Henry of Cyprus
married the sister of the Armenian King Hethoum, and John married a second
sister of Hethoum sometime before 1242. This made John the brother-in-law of
both the King of Armenia and the King of Cyprus. For the rest of his life, John
moved in exalted circles and was viewed in East and West as a nobleman of the
first rank.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Meanwhile, he
evolved into a legal scholar. He was probably the author of the proposal,
signed by his cousin Balian, proposing Simon de Montfort as imperial baillie of
the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He was active in devising legal justifications for
his cousin’s attack on Tyre. His account of the incident is a case study in
creative legality. He even found ‘legal’ explanations for his cousin’s cynical
refusal to surrender Tyre to the regent the Ibelins had created, something
Peter Edbury rightly calls ‘transparent hypocrisy’. Notably, he played no role
in military actions.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">When Alice of
Champagne died in 1246, John d’Ibelin’s sophisticated legal reasoning warranted
declaring King Henry of Cyprus the rightful regent of the still absent Conrad
of Hohenstaufen. King Henry, however, could not be treated as a mere
figurehead. He had been the reigning monarch of Cyprus for fourteen years. He
was 29 years old and brother-in-law of the Armenian king. Henry of Cyprus could
not be ignored or dismissed the way Ralph of Soissons had been. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">However, King
Henry showed no real interest in Jerusalem; he was content to name deputies to
rule for him on the mainland. The first of these was Balian of Beirut. At about
the same time, Henry granted Tyre to Philip de Montfort, made Balian’s younger
brother John of Arsur the Constable of Jerusalem, and enfeoffed his
brother-in-law John with the County of Jaffa and Ascalon as well as the
traditional Ibelin lordship of Ramla and Mirabel, both of which had been
restored to the Kingdom of Jerusalem through treaties concluded with the
Ayyubids at the close of the Barons’ Crusade. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Henceforth,
John took great pride in his title of ‘count’. In keeping with the spirit of
the times, John engaged in lavish displays of pageantry designed to enhance his
honour. King Louis IX’s seneschal Jean de Joinville writes of the landing of
King Louis’ army on the shore before Damietta, noting:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">To
left of us, the Comte de Jaffa … was about to land; he made the finest show of
any as he came towards the shore. His galley was covered, both under and above
the water, with painted escutcheons bearing his arms, which are or with a cross
‘gules patee’. He had at least three hundred rowers in his galley; beside each
rower was a small shield with the count’s arms upon it, and to each shield was
attached a pennon with the same arms worked in gold.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">As
the galley approached, it seemed as if it flew, so quickly did the rowers urge
it onwards with the powerful sweep of their oars; and what with the flapping of
the pennons, the booming of the drums, and the screech of Saracen horns onboard
the vessel, you would have thought a thunderbolt was falling from the skies. As
soon as this galley had been driven into the sand as far as it would go, the
count and his knights leapt on shore, well equipped, and came to take their
stand beside us.<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">But for all his fine display, John was soon seriously in debt. The
cost of restoring and maintaining the defences of his county — the southernmost
in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and a frequent target of Saracen raids — was
exorbitant. In the succeeding decades, as the Mongols, Khwarizmians and Mamluks
increasingly threatened the Frankish kingdom, other secular lords gave large
portions of their lands to the military orders, but John of Jaffa stubbornly
hung on to his county. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">In the decade after the departure of King Louis, Jaffa was
periodically called to serve as baillie of the kingdom but does not appear to
have been terribly keen to hold the position. He took this office in 1255 but
surrendered it to his cousin of Arsur in 1258. The War of St. Sabas had
seriously damaged the fabric of the country, and the Mongols successively
attacked the trade routes that fed the kingdom’s economy. The Count of Jaffa
was forced to conclude truces with the resurgent Saracens. Notably, these were
private truces for Jaffa alone, a clear indication of the disintegration of
central authority noted earlier. In this period, Jaffa’s wife and the mother of
his six (or possibly nine) children returned to her native Armenia, taking most
of her children. At about the same time, John was admonished by the pope for
carrying on an affair with Cyprus’ young dowager queen, Plaisance of Antioch.
It is hard to know which of these events was the cause and which the effect. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">In the difficult years of 1258-1266, Jaffa wrote his opus magnum.
We catch a glimpse of the author in the preface:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">I pray the Holy Trinity that I may
receive the grace of the Holy Spirit so as to bring this book to such
perfection that it will be to the honour of God and to the profit of my soul
and the government of the people of the kingdom of Jerusalem… . I pray, entreat
and demand in the name of God that they who read should not use anything here
falsely so as to deprive anyone of their rights, but that they use it to defend
their rights or those of others as need arises.<a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"> John died in 1266. He was succeeded very briefly by his son James
before Jaffa fell to the Mamluk Sultan Baybars in 1268.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">The two daughters of this generation, Isabella, the daughter of
the Lord of Beirut, and Maria, the daughter of Philip, became nuns. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"> </span></p><div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> Jonathan Riley-Smith, <i>The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of
Jerusalem 1174 – 1277</i> (New York: Macmillan Press, 1973), 230.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> See note 24, Joinville, <i>Life of Saint Louis,</i> 204. </span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[iii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> John, Count of Jaffa, quoted in <i>John of Jaffa, His Opponents,
and His Fiefs</i>, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 128, no. 2
(1984): 134-63, http://www.jstor.org/stable/986227.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Cabin;">John is a minor
character in the early books of the Rebels of Outremer Series, but will play a
more </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Cabin;">important role in the later books.</span></p><p></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. Helvis and Meg are characters in <i>The Last Crusader Kingdom</i>. <i><br /></i></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">For more about the Ibelins and the world they lived in read:</span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-73095010926127312662023-11-22T02:30:00.003-08:002023-11-22T04:11:47.758-08:00The House of Ibelin: The Wolflings, Balian of Beirut's Brothers<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;"> <b><span lang="EN-US">John d’Ibelin, the “Old Lord” of
Beirut was blessed with five sons who grew to adulthood. They were collectively
referred to as the “wolflings” in some contemporary satirical literature. The
story of the first born, Balian, was told last week, but much less is known
about his younger brothers described below.</span></b></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></b><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGu8EZOoMtcN2k8vCaYdZQJ3bLqQkgO9lupcERH0KlqB5bqXa295sHvuyrWEyASUMH3zmI-d_qURyDiSqCHcx-37mdu72LHQrZMRPzveidplD77mlO8rMzaojYd0w3G_-Me7B_SV6VSpv-2TOWXMP5KOcKd2n80hJfG8ap8c_E1zbPGqVB-Tujwhl3JWL6/s258/Wolflings.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="159" data-original-width="258" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGu8EZOoMtcN2k8vCaYdZQJ3bLqQkgO9lupcERH0KlqB5bqXa295sHvuyrWEyASUMH3zmI-d_qURyDiSqCHcx-37mdu72LHQrZMRPzveidplD77mlO8rMzaojYd0w3G_-Me7B_SV6VSpv-2TOWXMP5KOcKd2n80hJfG8ap8c_E1zbPGqVB-Tujwhl3JWL6/s1600/Wolflings.jpg" width="258" /></a></b></p><b><br /></b><b><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> Baldwin, Seneshal of Cyprus, </span></b><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1208(?) - 1266</span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">The
Lord of Beirut’s second son Baldwin lived in the shadow of his more prominent
father and brother. He was knighted with his brother Balian, shared Balian’s
fate as a hostage of Emperor Frederick in 1228 and took part in the Battle of
Nicosia and the siege of St. Hilarion (1229-1230). He was also one of three
Ibelins surprised by the enemy at Casal Imbert in 1232, a debacle caused by the
Ibelin’s poor leadership and hubris. Sir Baldwin was wounded in the engagement
yet recovered sufficiently to command a division at the Battle of Agridi. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">After
that, he remained in Cyprus while his elder brother assumed the senior title of
Lord of Beirut. For the astonishing stretch of twenty-one years, from 1246
until 1267, he served as Seneschal of Cyprus, a hugely influential position and
by no means a nominal title. He took part in King Louis’ crusade and was taken
captive at the Battle of Mansoura. Jean de Joinville reveals in his account of
this crusade that Baldwin understood Arabic well.<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a> Sir
Baldwin was ransomed along with Joinville, his brother Guy and his cousin
Philip de Montfort. He married Alice, the sister of one of his family’s
bitterest enemies, Amaury de Bethsan. They had many children, one of whom,
Philip, married the titular heiress of Galilee and is mentioned as Constable of
Cyprus in 1302. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hugh d’Ibelin, </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;">1210 (?) - 1238</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Hugh
died without heirs sometime in 1239 and did not attain any prominence in his
short life. Nevertheless, he is recorded taking part in the siege of St.
Hilarion (1229-1230) along with his elder brothers Sirs Balian and Baldwin. He,
too, was surprised at Casal Imbert, and his horse was killed under him. He was
discovered with a lone companion defending a small house in the town. At the
Battle of Agridi, Sir Hugh was given the honour denied elder brother Balian of
leading the first division. Sir Hugh was also prominent in the siege of Kyrenia
in the following winter. Hugh was granted estates in Cyprus rather than in
Syria at his father’s death. He was roughly 28 years old and still single when
he died from unknown causes in 1238. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">John d’Ibelin, Lord of ‘Foggia’
and Arsur, </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;">1213 (?) - 1258</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">John
served in the emperor’s household as a squire during the latter’s sojourn in
Syria from September 1228 to May 1229. Like his elder brother Balian, he was
effectively a hostage for his father’s good behaviour. Young John, however,
appears to have ingratiated himself with the Hohenstaufen. Novare claims
Frederick liked him so much he tried to induce him to return to the West,
promising him the lordship of Foggia in Apulia.<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a> John
did not take the emperor’s bait and remained in the Holy Land, although his
family was said to call him John ‘of Foggia’ in jest.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">John
led the Ibelin relief force that ran the imperial sea blockade of the citadel
of Beirut in an open boat. With a hundred volunteers (knights, sergeants and
squires), he successfully scaled the castle to reinforce the garrison.
Thereafter, the garrison ‘defended themselves more vigorously, made a
countermine against the miners … recaptured the fosse by force … [and] made
many brave sallies and gained somewhat over those without, and burned several
engines’.<a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a> Whether
all that can be attributed to the inspiration and leadership of a youth hardly
older than 16 or 17 seems doubtful, but it appears he did not disgrace himself.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">On
the other hand, he does not rate a mention for his deeds at the subsequent
Battle of Agridi or the siege of Kyrenia. At his father’s death, he succeeded
to his mother’s lordship of Arsur with the explicit consent of his brothers.
The latter suggests that Sirs Balian, Baldwin, Hugh and Guy believed they were
adequately endowed with properties and power elsewhere. Notably, except for Sir
Balian, all three of John’s other brothers held estates exclusively in Cyprus,
a reminder of just how plentiful (and wealthy) the Cypriot estates were —
despite being mostly invisible in history because they did not bestow the
titles used by the chroniclers.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">In
1240, John took part in the Barons’ Crusade, getting involved in the rout near
Gaza, but escaping capture with his cousins Balian de Sidon and Philip de
Montfort. In 1241, he commenced fortification of his castle at Arsur, and two
years later, was involved in the capture of Tyre. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">In
1246, he was named Constable of Jerusalem and baillie at Acre. He stepped down
on the arrival of King Louis of France, possibly to take part in the Seventh
Crusade, but was persuaded to take up the position again roughly a year later.
Significantly, he initially succeeded in convincing the warring Pisans and
Genoese to conclude a truce but was less successful in the next intra-Italian
war. Nevertheless, John retained the respect of his peers and died in 1258,
serving once again as Baillie. </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">John
married Alice of Caiphas and had several children, including his son and heir
Balian. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></b></span><span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">
</span></b></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">Guy, Constable of Cyprus, </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;">1216 (?) – 1255 (?)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Guy
was one of the Ibelins caught (almost literally) with their pants down during a
night attack on Casal Imbert in early 1232. Given his age of roughly 16,
however, Guy’s role in the debacle could hardly have been great. He was
possibly still a squire, and even if newly knighted, was not in command.
Furthermore, Guy is not recorded at the subsequent battle of Agridi or the
siege of Kyrenia, suggesting that he was very young and, perhaps after the
debacle at Casal Imbert, his father felt he needed more training rather than
more responsibility. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">At
his father’s death in 1236, like his elder brother Baldwin and Hugh, he was
given properties in Cyprus rather than in Syria. He did not participate in the
Barons’ Crusade, remaining in Cyprus instead. By 1247, he was constable there,
which explains why he commanded a force of 120 knights in the Seventh Crusade.
In 1250, he was taken captive with St. Louis. One of his fellow prisoners, Jean
de Joinville, called him ‘one of the most accomplished knights I have ever
known’ – and more significantly — ‘and one who most loved the islanders in his
care’.<a href="#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Joinville
also tells of another incident. After the Mamluks had murdered the Ayyubid
Sultan and cut his heart from his still warm body, the Christian prisoners
expected to be slaughtered. Baldwin d'Ibelin translated what the Mamluks were
saying among themselves and confirmed they were discussing whether to
decapitate the captive crusaders. There was only one priest aboard Joinville's
galley, and he was overwhelmed by men seeking to confess. So, Joinville tells
us, ‘Guy d'Ibelin knelt down beside me, and confessed himself to me. “I absolve
you”, I said, “with such power as God has given me”. However, when I rose to my
feet, I could not remember a word of what he told me’.<a href="#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[v]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">In
the event, the Mamluks found the potential ransoms too tempting to throw away
and entered negotiations instead. Guy d'Ibelin was one of the noblemen who
witnessed the discussions. King Louis and the Mamluks came to terms, and after
many delays and some chicanery, were eventually set free. Guy returned to
Cyprus.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Long
before this crusade, Guy had married Philippa Barlais, the daughter of the
Ibelin’s arch-enemy during the civil war. Edbury notes that Barlais’ estates
were forfeited to the crown for his treason against King Henry in 1232. With
this marriage, the Ibelins probably obtained those lands while restoring them
to Barlais’ daughter, who could not be held responsible for her father’s
treason. The couple had ten children, and one of their daughters, Isabella,
married Hugh de Lusignan, who reigned in Cyprus as Hugh III. </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> <br /></span></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><span style="color: #444444;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="color: #444444;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: #444444; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> Jean Joinville, <i>Life of Saint Louis</i>, trans. Margaret Shaw (London:
Penguin Books, 1963), 252.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> Novare, <i>The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria
and Cyprus,</i> 87.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn3">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[iii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> Novare, <i>The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria
and Cyprus,</i> 133.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn4">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[iv]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> See note 24, Joinville, <a name="_Hlk58070698"><i>Life of Saint
Louis,</i> </a>248.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[v]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> See note 24, Joinville,<i> Life of Saint Louis,</i> 253.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p><p><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #3333ff; font-family: Cabin;"><b>Balian’s
brothers, particularly Baldwin, are characters in the Rebels of Outremer
Series.</b></span></p><p></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. Helvis and Meg are characters in <i>The Last Crusader Kingdom</i>. <i><br /></i></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">For more about the Ibelins and the world they lived in read:</span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-33915247793819816552023-11-15T02:30:00.028-08:002023-11-15T02:30:00.138-08:00The House of Ibelin - Balian of Beirut, 1207 - 1247<p style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="color: #3333ff; font-family: Righteous;">The “Old Lord” of Beirut’s oldest son and heir, although named
for his famous grandfather Balian, was like neither his wise father nor his
diplomatic grandfather. Balian of Beirut, the “young” lord of Beirut was
hot-headed, passionate and uncannily successful in his endeavours — an almost
archetypical medieval nobleman. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Aptos SemiBold",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv-ehc6FLwA5XlywWyF2L_yE_yDLjdkzXTgW1Gv1tyvXhnElIUeMDp5CaKuI3SCtPfKuMmogH0DVj2W8IY_MQXopYtTaiKA7UcA20AGexLE4rgSq-W0VJF-ajebEWQpdjAoTcHUooK2rtT5bc_JQl-dAnB4eZ1r3rR8vyErwGD6Tlbwh-iMzEF_diqtuMo/s1272/Balian%20Bound.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1272" data-original-width="872" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv-ehc6FLwA5XlywWyF2L_yE_yDLjdkzXTgW1Gv1tyvXhnElIUeMDp5CaKuI3SCtPfKuMmogH0DVj2W8IY_MQXopYtTaiKA7UcA20AGexLE4rgSq-W0VJF-ajebEWQpdjAoTcHUooK2rtT5bc_JQl-dAnB4eZ1r3rR8vyErwGD6Tlbwh-iMzEF_diqtuMo/s320/Balian%20Bound.jpg" width="219" /></a></p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">Balian, the
Lord of Beirut’s eldest son and heir, <span style="color: black;">first appears
in the historical record on the (unnamed) day of his knighting. Significantly,
the entire event was held in Cyprus rather than in Balian’s future
lordship of Beirut, which suggests he had spent his youth on Cyprus, consistent
with the medieval custom of sending adolescents to serve as squires away from
home.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">At
the banquet in Limassol where Frederick II confronted the Lord of Beirut,
Balian and his younger brother Baldwin were among the twenty hostages turned
over to the emperor as guarantors for Beirut’s appearance before the High
Court. Novare records that Balian and his brother were ‘put in pillories, large
and exceedingly cruel; there was a cross of iron to which they were bound so
that they were able to move neither their arms nor their legs’.<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>
Balian and his brother were not released until weeks later. By that time,
Novare notes, they ‘had endured so long an imprisonment on land and in the
galleys at sea and were so miserable that it was pitiful to behold them’.<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: black;">Despite
his release, Balian was forced to remain in the emperor’s household, in effect
still a hostage, albeit under more respectable conditions. </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">As
soon as the emperor sailed from Acre on 1 May 1229, Balian stood at the
forefront of the struggle against him. He sailed with his father to Cyprus in
June 1229 and took part in the Battle of Nicosia. After his father had been
unhorsed and isolated, and his uncle of Caesarea slain, Balian rallied the
knights of Ibelin and led a decisive charge that put their enemies to flight.
He was active in the siege of St. Hilarion; at one point, when a sally from the
castle had overrun the Ibelin camp, ‘Sir Balian came … recovered the camp, and,
spurring up to the gate of the wall, broke his lance on the iron of the wall
gate’.<a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a>
In another instance, when Novare himself was badly wounded before the castle,
Balian ‘succored him and rescued him most vigorously’.<a href="#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></a>
Even considering Novare’s bias and affection for his ‘compeer’, by the age of
22, Beirut’s heir had a reputation as an exceptionally bold knight. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">At
about this time, Balian married Eschiva de Montbèliard, the daughter and
heiress of Walter de Montbèliard, the former Regent of Cyprus (1205-1210) by
his wife, Burgundia de Lusignan. Eschiva was the widow of a knight, who had
been killed in the Battle of Nicosia while fighting on the Ibelin side, Gerard
de Montaigu. Furthermore, Balian and Eschiva were cousins and needed a papal
dispensation to marry;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for whatever
reason they failed to obtain this in advance. The Archbishop of Nicosia took
the case to Rome, and the pope excommunicated the couple on 4 March 1232.<a href="#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[v]</span></span></span></span></a>
The news of this excommunication reached Outremer shortly before the Battle of
Agridi in June 1232. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Meanwhile,
in the fall of 1231, the Lord of Beirut entrusted his heir with holding the
port of Limassol against the emperor’s fleet. Although Balian had only a few
troops, Filangieri opted not to force a landing, sailing instead to Syria,
where he captured the city of Beirut — but not the citadel. In early 1232,
Balian crossed over to Syria with his father and the Cypriot army to relieve
the citadel. When it became necessary to smuggle additional fighting men
through a sea blockade by night to reinforce the citadel’s garrison, Balian
volunteered to lead the task force. Much to Balian’s outrage, Beirut chose his
younger brother John instead — reasoning that young John was expendable, but
Balian was not. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Instead,
Beirut sent Balian to Tripoli to persuade the Prince of Antioch to support the
Ibelin cause. Antioch preferred neutrality. Although he did not arrest or harm
Balian, he prevented him from returning to his father. Balian’s frustration
with his enforced inactivity can be measured by the fact that he sought a safe
conduct from the Sultan of Damascus so he might pass through Saracen territory
to rejoin his father at Acre. </span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">As
fate would have it, before he could make use of his safe conduct, the imperial
forces abandoned Beirut and withdrew to Tyre. Coming south from Antioch with
just his personal entourage, Balian was the first Ibelin to reach Beirut after
the siege was lifted. He found the citadel severely damaged but was received
with great joy by the garrison. Because he remained in Beirut, he was not
present at the debacle of Casal Imbert, where his brothers Baldwin, Hugh and
Guy were humiliated and defeated in a surprise night attack. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">When
the imperial forces seized Cyprus, Balian’s wife was one of the few women of
the Ibelin faction who neither sought sanctuary nor suffered imprisoned at the
hands of the imperial authorities. Instead, Eschiva de Montbèliard, ‘dressed in
the robes of a minor brother … mounted a castle called Buffavento … [which] she
provisioned with food, of which it had none’.<a href="#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[vi]</span></span></span></span></a> <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Balian
joined King Henry and his father when they led an army back to Cyprus, yet
conspicuously played no role in the capture of Famagusta, evidently because
news of his excommunication had reached the Lord of Beirut. On the eve of the
Battle of Agridi, Novare reports that Beirut ‘made [Balian] come before him and
demanded that he swear to obey the command of the Holy Church, for he was under
sentence of excommunication because of his marriage. [Balian] replied that he
could not accede to this request. The nobleman [Beirut] … said: ‘Balian, I have
more faith in God than in your knighthood, and since you do not wish to grant
my request, leave the array for, and it please God, an excommunicated man shall
never be a leader of our troop’.<a href="#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[vii]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Balian
disobeyed. As Novare tells us:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">‘He escaped and went to the first rank where were his brother Sir
Hugh and Sir Anceau; he gave them advice and showed them that which he knew to
be of advantage, and then he left them and placed himself before them to the
side. He had but few men who were with him, for at that time there were only
five knights who would speak to him, all the others having sworn to respect the
command of Holy Church.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">‘When the advance guard of the first company of Langobards
[Imperial troops] approached the division of my lord of Beirut and the king,
Sir Balian spurred through a most evil place, over rocks and stones, and went
to attack the others above the middle of the pass. So much he delayed them and
did such feats of arms that no one was able to enter or leave this pass … Many
times was he pressed by so many lances that no one believed that he would ever
be able to escape. Those who were below with the king saw him and knew him well
by his arms and each of them cried to my lord of Beirut: “Ah, Sir, let us aid
Sir Balian, for we see that he will be killed there above”. [The Lord of
Beirut] said to them: “Leave him alone. Our Lord will aid him, and it please
Him, and we shall ride straight forward with all speed, for if we should turn
aside, we might lose all”.’<a href="#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[viii]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">The
Cypriot forces were eventually victorious and chased the imperial troops up and
over the mountain to Kyrenia. Here, the survivors, including the leaders of the
imperial faction, first took refuge in the citadel before later sailing to
safety. A garrison of imperial loyalists held the castle for almost a year
against a bitter siege in which Balian (evidently back in his father’s favour)
led an assault on the city. After the surrender of the castle at Kyrenia, the
Lord of Beirut returned to Syria, but Balian remained in Cyprus with King
Henry. In March 1236, he was named Constable of Cyprus, but his father died in
October of the same year. At the age of 29, Balian had become Lord of
Beirut. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">In
1239, Balian resigned the constableship of Cyprus to take part in what has
become known as the ‘Barons’ Crusade’, led by Thibaud of Champagne, King of
Navarre; and Richard, Duke of Cornwall. Although Sir Balian was not involved in
the ill-advised attack on Gaza, the crusade is significant because it brought
Balian together with his cousin Philip de Montfort. Balian signed the letter to
Emperor Fredrick in which the Ibelins agreed to accept imperial rule if the
emperor would name Simon de Montfort his baillie in Jerusalem. One can only
speculate on how the history of the crusader states and England might have been
different if Frederick II had accepted the proposal. </span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">In April 1242, Conrad
Hohenstaufen, the son of Emperor Frederick and Yolanda of Jerusalem, announced
that he had come of age (14) and was replacing Riccardo Filangieri with Tomaso
of Acerra as his regent. While Filangieri was hated, Acerra had a reputation
for brutally enforcing imperial policies on the Sicilian nobility. His
appointment amounted to an imperial declaration of war. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">It
was nearly fourteen years since the emperor’s men had tortured Balian because
his father had stood up to false accusations, extortion and an attempt to
disseize him without due process. For the last ten, the imperial forces held
the north of the kingdom, and the rebels occupied the south in an uneasy
stalemate. Both sides claimed to have the law on their side; neither side
seriously considered a compromise, yet neither side dared attack the other. The
threat of a Hohenstaufen king (not just regent) and a new imperial ‘baillie’
alarmed Balian of Beirut. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">When
four citizens from Tyre offered to surrender the city to Beirut, the temptation
was too great. Balian consulted his closest advisors (first and foremost Philip
de Montfort) and decided to seize the city. Balian does not appear to have
cared much about the legality of his action; this was war. Nevertheless, a
legal fig leaf was found, as described earlier. <br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="padding: 0in;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Tyre
was a nearly invincible city that had held out against Saladin twice.
However, allies inside the city opened a seaward postern, enabling Balian and
some of his knights to enter. Although almost overwhelmed, other sympathisers
lowered the harbor chain enabling Venetian galleys to sail into Tyre harbor
in time to reinforce Balian and his men. Assisted by the many residents who
joined in the attack, the Ibelins and their allies captured the city of Tyre.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Lotario
Filangieri and the bulk of the imperial mercenaries took refuge in the
citadel. Aware that Accera was already on his way with strong imperial
reinforcements, they prepared to hold out, but luck favoured the Ibelins.
Riccardo Filangieri, who had sailed for Sicily before the Ibelin attack,
encountered terrible storms. His ship foundered, and he returned to Tyre in a
coastal vessel, unaware that the city had meanwhile fallen to his enemies.
Balian of Beirut took personal custody of the imperial marshal and manifestly
subjected Filangieri to the same treatment he had suffered at the emperor’s
hands in 1229. Furthermore, he had the imperial marshal led to a prominent
point with a noose around his neck. Riccardo’s brother caved in and agreed to
surrender the citadel of Tyre. The Filangieris and their men were then
allowed to depart with their portable treasure. <br /></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Yet
while Balian kept his word to the Filangieris, he acted far less honourably
towards his ‘queen’. Balian flatly refused to hand Tyre over to the queen or
her French consort, using a flimsy excuse. The queen’s consort ‘saw then that
he had no power nor command and that he was but a shade. As a result of the
disgust and the chagrin which he had over this, he abandoned all, left the
queen his wife, and went to his own country’.<a href="#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[ix]</span></span></span></span></a> <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">It
is unimaginable that John of Beirut would have acted with so little regard for
the law or respect for his queen. Yet Balian had succeeded where his principled
father had failed. He had reduced the last stronghold of the imperialists,
expelled the last imperial ‘baillie’ and ensured that the latter’s replacement
did not dare set foot in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Acerra landed in Tripoli and
remained there, with no influence in Jerusalem whatsoever. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Four
years later, Balian was named Baillie of Jerusalem by King Henry I of Cyprus,
who the barons of Outremer recognised as regent for the absent Conrad
Hohenstaufen at the death of his mother, Queen Alice. Balian died on 4
September 1247 of unknown causes. He would have been roughly 40 years of age.
He left behind at least one son, John, who succeeded to the title of Lord of
Beirut. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Balian
was less admirable than his father. Balian was not prepared to risk arrest and
death for the sake of an ethical reputation. He did not trust promises,
certainly not from the emperor. Novare never describes him, as he does his
father, prostrating himself face down on the earth in prayer. Rather, Balian's
life was characterised by deeds of courage, military competence and leadership,
and also by undeniable impetuosity and passion. He charged in, regardless of
risks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nor does he appear to have
inherited his grandfather's gift for negotiation, and there is not a trace of
his father's caution, calm, restraint and reason in the stories told about him.
Nearly alone among his generation of peers, he was not famous as a
legal scholar, historian, philosopher or troubadour. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">There
may be a reason. Balian insisted on custody of Filangieri because of what
Filangieri had done to Beirut ten years earlier. Likewise, he insisted on
the same kind of pillory for Filangieri as the emperor had made for
him. This suggests that Balian was traumatised by the experience of being
tortured in the emperor’s custody. The 21-year-old nobleman had not expected
the treatment he received, and he never fully recovered psychologically. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Balian
appears to shine as a soldier, a leader of men — and as a husband. He did not
give up his Eschiva; he forced first his stubborn, principled, and pious father
– and then the pope himself – to recognise the marriage. He did not do it for
land, he had more than enough, and there were plenty of other heiresses,
including ones with royal blood he could have had. He did it for love. Once
Balian gave his heart, nothing would induce him to abandon his lady.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> Novare, <i>The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria
and Cyprus,</i> 81.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> Novare, <i>The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria
and Cyprus,</i> 87.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[iii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> Novare, <i>The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria
and Cyprus,</i> 106.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[iv]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> Novare, <i>The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria
and Cyprus,</i> 106.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[v]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> The date is often given as 4 March 1231, but at that time, the
Kingdom of Cyprus used a calendar in which the new year started </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">on 25
March, so the date corresponds to 4 March 1232.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[vi]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> Novare, <i>The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria
and Cyprus,</i> 142.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[vii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> Novare, <i>The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria
and Cyprus,</i> 151.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[viii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> Novare, <i>The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria
and Cyprus,</i> 153</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[ix]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> Novare, <i>The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria
and Cyprus,</i> 199. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #3333ff; font-family: Cabin;">Balian
is the hero of the Rebels of Outremer series starting with <i>Rebels against
Tyranny</i>.</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. Helvis and Meg are characters in <i>The Last Crusader Kingdom</i>. <i><br /></i></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">For more about the Ibelins and the world they lived in read:</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-26648492048066656752023-11-08T02:32:00.000-08:002023-11-08T02:32:56.824-08:00House of Ibelin - The Daughters of Balian d'Ibelin<p style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;"><b>Balian d'Ibelin, the defender of Jerusalem in 1187, had two daughers, Helvis and Margaret. Both helped establish the Ibelin dynasty by strengthening the kinship ties of the House of Ibelin with marriages to leading noblemen in the
Kingdoms of Jerusalem and France. Both women married twice.</b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;"><b> <br /></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFORnmXlmGLHLKEqUPCxeqBhPGKoRITyuVflqwUcIVuck11t0z_3pLgdUvaR8OveODPrhyrVSKy1SpagESJ7lb35prkRvcYnal3xr13s1vOxBHIQSbjx1D9I1-wD8jPSPLoKWKUWU_qz-EMGpNY1Nu-lKGlsNQyQahkO19OMHyPJkaszPdhx99ovf963OP/s168/Sisters.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="168" data-original-width="91" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFORnmXlmGLHLKEqUPCxeqBhPGKoRITyuVflqwUcIVuck11t0z_3pLgdUvaR8OveODPrhyrVSKy1SpagESJ7lb35prkRvcYnal3xr13s1vOxBHIQSbjx1D9I1-wD8jPSPLoKWKUWU_qz-EMGpNY1Nu-lKGlsNQyQahkO19OMHyPJkaszPdhx99ovf963OP/w174-h320/Sisters.jpg" width="174" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">When still a
young girl, Helvis married Reginald, Lord of Sidon. Sidon
had fought his way off the field at Hattin and evaded capture. He defended
his castle of Belfort against Saladin, allegedly pretending an interest in
converting to Islam to buy time to build up his defences. He was seized when he
came to negotiate and either tortured in sight of the castle (until he ordered
the garrison to surrender) or held in captivity in Damascus until the castle
surrendered to secure his release. Out of remorse, the chronicles tell us,
Saladin restored Sidon to him as an ‘iqta<i>’</i> held from the Sultan of
Damascus rather than a fief of the crown of Jerusalem. This may be the reason
Balian d’Ibelin married his still young daughter to the grizzled Baron of
Sidon: Sidon was the only baron of Jerusalem that still had at least a promise
of land from the victor. If so, it was a miscalculation. The restoration of
Sidon to Christian rule remained a promise until 1197 when the German Crusade
recaptured it. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">In
1202, five years after regaining his barony, Reginal de Sidon died. He was
probably close to or more than 70 years of age, and Helvis would have been just
24. She was also the mother of a young son named after her father, Balian.
Helvis assumed control of the barony and served as her son’s guardian until he
came of age in 1213. Balian de Sidon played a prominent role in the
conflict between the barons of Jerusalem and the Holy Roman emperor, serving as
regent of the kingdom (often jointly with others) for many years during the
Hohenstaufen’s absence. He also attempted to mediate between the
factions. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Helvis
married a second time. Since Helvis was not an heiress, she could was not
required to remarry, and we can assume this second marriage was of her
choosing. Her choice was a newcomer to Outremer, a man who had followed the
call to the Fourth Crusade but refused to be misused as a Venetian mercenary.
Rather than joining in the sack of Zara and then Constantinople, he proceeded
in the company of his brother and others of their affinity to the Holy Land,
arriving about the time of Reginald de Sidon’s death. He was Guy de
Montfort, brother of Simon the Elder and uncle of the British parliamentary
reformer.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Guy
was born in 1160, which made him a good 18 years older than Helvis and already
in his early forties when he arrived in the Holy Land. He was widowed and had
an adult son and two adult daughters in France. However, he was willing to stay
in the Holy Land and was granted the vacant Syrian barony of Toron, presumably
by Queen Isabella, before her death in 1205. Since Helvis was Isabella’s
half-sister, granting an ‘appropriate’ title to Helvis’ new husband would have
been in accordance with feudal practice of the time.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Helvis
had one son by her new husband, named for her brother Philip, and two
daughters, Maria and Petronilla. Helvis died in or shortly after 1210. As
she would have been no more than 33 at the time, the probability that she died
in childbirth is high. After her death, her husband Guy returned to France to
join his brother Simon’s crusade against the Albigensians. His young family was
taken under the wing of his brother’s wife, the vigorous and pious Alice de
Montmorency until she died in 1221. During these childhood years, Philip forged
close ties with his cousin Simon. Later, Philip returned to the Holy Land, took
up the title of Lord of Toron and vigorously supported the Ibelin rebellion
against Frederick II.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Balian and
Maria’s second daughter Margaret married Hugh of Tiberias in her teens. Hugh
was the son and heir of the Prince of Galilee and a stepson of Raymond de
Tripoli. Since Galilee had been lost in the aftermath of Hattin, his title was
nominal, but as a staunch supporter of Henri de Champagne, he probably enjoyed
royal patronage. When Henri de Champagne died in the autumn of 1198, Hugh
proposed his younger brother Ralph as consort for the widowed Queen Isabella of
Jerusalem, but the High Court preferred Aimery de Lusignan, King of Cyprus. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">When in 1198
Aimery de Lusignan barely escaped an assassination attempt, his suspicions fell
on the Tiberias brothers. He seized their properties and ordered them out of
the kingdom. Significantly, the barons of Jerusalem, including Margaret’s
brother John, rallied to the Tiberias brothers. John, then still constable of
the kingdom, argued that the king did not have the right to disseize a vassal
without the judgement of the High Court. Nevertheless, the Tiberias brothers
did not feel safe in Lusignan’s kingdom and chose voluntary exile instead.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Margaret and
Hugh first went to Tripoli but continued to Constantinople after the
establishment of Frankish control there. As the daughter of a Byzantine
princess, Margaret may have been the driving force behind this
move. Hugh’s arrival in the city is the last recorded event of his life.
He is believed to have died in Constantinople between 1204 and 1210. The couple
had no children. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">After her
husband’s death, Margaret returned to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1210 and
married Walter, the heir to the Lordship of Caesarea. Walter’s inheritance was
still held by his mother and her second husband, Aymar of Laron, so Walter and
Margaret went to Cyprus, where Walter was named constable in 1210.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">As constable
of Cyprus, Walter led a contingent of 100 Cypriot knights to Egypt for the
Fifth Crusade. He was in Egypt when Saracen forces broke through to Caesarea
and laid it to waste, effectively ending his interest in regaining control of
his hereditary lordship. He was present at the coronation of Yolanda
(Isabella II) of Jerusalem at Tyre in 1225 and witnessed the emperor’s infamous
banquet in Nicosia. After that, Walter was a steadfast supporter of the Ibelins
in their struggle against the Holy Roman emperor. He died fighting with the
Ibelins at the Battle of Nicosia on 14 July 1229.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Margaret was
left a widow with one son and four daughters, all of whom must have been less
than 20 years of age. She did not remarry and probably remained in Cyprus,
where she held substantial estates. In 1241, the lordship of Ibelin was
recovered from the Saracens by treaty. According to Jerusalem’s laws, the
lordship fell to Margaret, then 60 years old, as the ‘nearest’ relative of the
last lord, her father, Balian. It must have been deeply satisfying to her
to regain Ibelin after more than a half-century. One can only hope she died
before it was lost once again in 1253, but the date of her death is unrecorded.
</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. Helvis and Meg are characters in <i>The Last Crusader Kingdom</i>. <i><br /></i></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">For more about the Ibelins and the world they lived in read:</span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
text-indent:.5in;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;
mso-ligatures:standardcontextual;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</p><br />Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-38631277812934312062023-11-01T01:47:00.000-07:002023-11-01T01:47:52.882-07:00Philip d'Ibelin, Regent of Cyprus<p style="text-align: center;"> <span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Righteous;">Philip
is often lumped together with his brother John, Lord of Beirut, by
chroniclers and historians much the same way his father and uncle,
Balian and Baldwin, were treated a generation earlier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet,
this should not be taken to mean that the brothers were identical,
interchangeable or always in accord with one another. While we know much
more about the words and deeds of John of Beirut than of his younger
brother Philip, there is one revealing incident recorded in Novare that
gives us a glimpse of Philip as an individual in his own right ― and a
tantalizing hint of a man with passion and loyalty.</span></b></span></p>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUBHlCxsWBHUIly5leN6LT0o9Ut9As_d2GkVq1-0wfCdnNrUIfSCxnA6Rpt8Nh-75NhWc5Ec3yt2LgPqKrT8IIr785jymXuAACCcQii_dcVeZeRNIjgAFzqMSA-D91QBtuukGgxXulIkI/s1600/Melee-MLH.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="257" data-original-width="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUBHlCxsWBHUIly5leN6LT0o9Ut9As_d2GkVq1-0wfCdnNrUIfSCxnA6Rpt8Nh-75NhWc5Ec3yt2LgPqKrT8IIr785jymXuAACCcQii_dcVeZeRNIjgAFzqMSA-D91QBtuukGgxXulIkI/s1600/Melee-MLH.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">In
1224 or 1225 (the date remains unclear) at the days-long tournament to
mark the knighting of John of Beirut’s two eldest sons, a knight of
Philip d’Ibelin’s household “smote” down a certain Cypriot lord, Amaury
Barlais, in a game of “barbadaye.” (No one nowadays knows exactly what
this was, but it is assumed to be a kind of melee.) The next day,
Barlais and his men waylaid the knight and came near to killing him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At
this point, according to Novare, “Sir Philip, the bailli, was much
angered and wished to attack [Sir Amaury]… My lord of Beirut, his
brother, intervened between them and held them apart by force and
ordered his son, Sir Balian, to conduct Sir Amaury Barlais there where
he wished to go.” (Novare, Philip. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus</i>.
Colombia University Press, 1936, p.66.) So Philip was a man who, out of
love and loyalty to a man in his service, could become enraged.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Furthermore,
Novare tells us, Beirut was so set on reconciling his brother with
Barlais, that he “went from Cyprus to Beirut and ordered the seeking out
of Sir Amaury Barlais at Easter, and he carried him into Cyprus before
his brother so suddenly that the latter knew nothing of it. He [my lord
of Beirut] said to his brother that he wished him to pardon Sir Amaury
in every manner and in every way; saying that if he would not do this he
would never speak to him more….” (Novare, pp.66-67.) This tells us that
Philip loved his brother so much that the threat not to speak was
enough to make him cave in on a matter that greatly impassioned him.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Yet
these are the only incidents that put flesh on the skeleton left by
history. How he became the man he did can only be speculated upon based
on the known facts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Philip
was the fourth and youngest child of Balian d’Ibelin and Maria Comnena.
His earliest possible date of birth was 1181, although he might have
been born a year or two later. Like his siblings, he was trapped in
Jerusalem after the disaster at Hattin and would have witnessed his
father’s dramatic return as well as have benefitted from Saladin’s
generosity. Yet, given his young age (at most six and probably younger),
it is unlikely that he was shaped by this event.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">His
childhood years between the ages of roughly five to ten were lived in
reduced economic circumstances and great uncertainty. He would surely
have been aware that everything might be lost at any moment, and his
father would have been frequently absent, particularly during the Third
Crusade. His situation, however, would have improved considerably after
the Truce of Ramla.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With
his half-sister secure on her throne, it is not too far-fetched to
imagine Philip obtained his schooling as page and squire at his sister’s
court under her husband Henri de Champagne (1192-1197).</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaZwhyphenhyphen9wJxiOBmUAP9Q6wWsfk_5mXnKhOSO1hUKU7LpEhkY5f63p-rqI8_9CP8R7SDetDuFpTRViJxwMdcRWM1jY_h0N5Zc4hHROyd2DOok7upzDOLG57M8LTq0XJMV_FK9_I0IZxdNYc/s1600/Knight+and+Entourage-MLH.jpg" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="223" data-original-width="165" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaZwhyphenhyphen9wJxiOBmUAP9Q6wWsfk_5mXnKhOSO1hUKU7LpEhkY5f63p-rqI8_9CP8R7SDetDuFpTRViJxwMdcRWM1jY_h0N5Zc4hHROyd2DOok7upzDOLG57M8LTq0XJMV_FK9_I0IZxdNYc/s320/Knight+and+Entourage-MLH.jpg" width="236" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Sometime
between 1198 and 1200, on turning 17 or 18, he would have been
knighted, probably by his brother-in-law the king (now Aimery de
Lusignan) or his elder brother John, who was by this time Constable of
Jerusalem (1198-1200). In 1205, when Philip was in his early twenties,
his sister and her husband died, and his brother John became regent of
Jerusalem for their niece Marie de Montferrat. Given how close the
brothers were in later years, we can assume that Philip enjoyed
substantial trust and power, but we have no details of his actual
positions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">In
the same year, the crown of Cyprus passed to the 10-year-old Hugh de
Lusignan, and Walter de Montbéliard was elected regent by the High Court
of Cyprus. Montbéliard was a recent arrival in the Latin East married
to King Hugh’s elder sister and heir apparent Burgundia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sometime
between 1207 and 1210, while Montbéliard was regent of Cyprus and
Beirut regent of Jerusalem, they agreed on the marriage of Montbéliard’s
sister Alys to Beirut’s brother Philip.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
marriage was clearly a political marriage, possibly designed to bind
the two kingdoms closer together ― or possibly to breach differences
that had already surfaced between the Montbéliards and Ibelins.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVe8I9Ok_IsTWKQkANwzaphLkeNQccwcZFqQYG-GBn3sA9LL-YzGt7nJVX6HnMWeTeNkxso1gTyh47KLMMfeGQWAnTlRy7LsEkbZWjUXZkXo0KmrkQ2HLvgqctk3k5TwVYo8Qxdm2zOsQ/s1600/Minnesinger+26+Bernger_von_Horheim.jpg" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1277" data-original-width="856" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVe8I9Ok_IsTWKQkANwzaphLkeNQccwcZFqQYG-GBn3sA9LL-YzGt7nJVX6HnMWeTeNkxso1gTyh47KLMMfeGQWAnTlRy7LsEkbZWjUXZkXo0KmrkQ2HLvgqctk3k5TwVYo8Qxdm2zOsQ/s320/Minnesinger+26+Bernger_von_Horheim.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">I
say this because in 1210, when Hugh of Cyprus came of age, he accused
Montbéliard of massive embezzlement and effectively drove him out of
Cyprus altogether, while turning to his Ibelin kinsmen for support. His
ties to the Ibelins had been strengthened by his marriage to their niece
Alice de Champagne. Both Ibelin brothers accompanied Alice to her new
kingdom. At the very latest, therefore, 1210 was the year in which
Ibelin power in Cyprus began to wax. (This is the traditional
interpretation. I have argued elsewhere that the Ibelins may already
have been well-entrenched on Cyprus long before this late date. See:
http://schradershistoricalfiction.blogspot.com/2017/07/the-ibelins-on-cyprus-and-role-of.html)
Certainly, Philip became a close friend and confidante of the young
king and, again based on what happened eight years later, earned the
respect and trust of the majority of Cypriot barons. Unfortunately, we
know nothing about <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">how</i> he did that.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Meanwhile,
in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Marie de Montferrat had married John de
Brienne, also in 1210, and Beirut had stepped down as regent. His
relationship with King John was evidently cool from the start but
deteriorated further after Marie de Montferrat died in childbed in 1212,
leaving an infant daughter heiress to Jerusalem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John
de Brienne assumed that he remained king, despite the death of his
wife, and continued to rule the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Beirut (and we
presume Philip) appear to have questioned Brienne’s claim to rule,
following the precedent set by their parents in opposing the rule of Guy
de Lusignan after the death of Queen Sibylla three decades earlier. The
breach between Beirut and Brienne almost certainly led to the Ibelins
spending more time in and building up a client base on Cyprus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here
they were welcome and either already held or were granted by King Hugh
important properties, including at least the lordship of Peristerona and
Episkopi. Significantly, during the Fifth Crusade, both John and Philip
of Ibelin were listed as vassals of King Hugh of Cyprus rather than
King John of Jerusalem, although John d'Ibelin still held the Lordship
of Beirut in the latter kingdom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
suggests either that they had more property in Cyprus, despite Beirut
being extremely wealthy, or that they refused to serve under Brienne.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">As
the crusade got underway, King Hugh and King John quarreled. King Hugh
removed himself from the crusade, heading for Antioch. Here he died
abruptly (in an accident? of dysentery?) at the age of 23.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He left behind two little girls and a son just nine months old. Cyprus needed a new regent.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">According
to one of the chronicles of the period, on his deathbed, Hugh
recommended Philip d’Ibelin to the High Court as regent for his infant
son, Henry. Other chronicles claim that Hugh’s widow Alice of Champagne
urged the High Court of Cyprus to select Philip d’Ibelin to “govern the
land, hold the court and command over men.” A third version refers only
to the knights, nobles, and people of Cyprus selecting Philip d’Ibelin.
Clearly, in the eight years since the majority of King Hugh and his
death, Philip (not John!) d’Ibelin had established himself as a man who
could be trusted with the reins of government. There is no hint of
factions or opposition to his appointment, which suggests that he did
indeed enjoy widespread support at this time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">However, the law of crusader kingdoms put him in a more dubious position.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According
to the constitution of Cyprus, the regent for minor was the nearest
relative, which in this case was the infant king’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mother</i>
Alice. At the time of her husband’s death, Alice preferred to name a
deputy (the term used was bailli) to rule for her rather than taking up
the reins of government herself. Controversial, however, was whether she
was at liberty to recall him at any time. Most sources claim that the
vassals of the crown swore an oath to Philip <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">until the infant Prince Henry came of age</i>. Other sources, however, suggest that the oath was until either the prince came of age, or Alice remarried.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">This
is significant because in 1223 or 1224, Alice fell-out with Philip and
wanted to replace him. Why is unclear. One source suggests Philip
bullied and humiliated Alice. Novare, on the other hand, claims that
Philip had “much work and grief, while the queen held the revenues,
which she spent freely.” (Novare, p. 63.) One can imagine a situation in
which Alice was profligate with her expenditures, perhaps demanding
more and more of the revenues, thereby provoking protests, rebukes, and
criticism from Philip, which Alice, in turn, felt were “humiliating and
bullying.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">In
any case, Alice wanted to be rid of Philip, but the High Court wouldn’t
hear of it ―clearly siding with Philip. This suggests they did not see
him as bullying or over-reaching his authority, but rather as defending
the interests of the kingdom. Alice responded by going to Tripoli and
marrying the Prince of Antioch.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
only served to weaken her position in Cyprus, however, because she had
not bothered to obtain the permission of her knights and nobles. The
latter were now more outraged than ever. Rightly or wrongly, they
alleged that if Antioch set foot on Cyprus, the life of their “little
lord” King Henry would be in danger.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfTdlCRjeD4r6JHk5NbokPkSjsKQNtCY6DSuWcjYaQluXqeHlRuadh_ja3tMUSY134yim9h3YcDOM3PQLfvUTqdxL7CX-EdKq1Lm25Kzj_ejbdiShQlgZgWVoNDWVzZhvCeRfNw6d7I5k/s1600/Baldwin+V.jpg" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="220" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfTdlCRjeD4r6JHk5NbokPkSjsKQNtCY6DSuWcjYaQluXqeHlRuadh_ja3tMUSY134yim9h3YcDOM3PQLfvUTqdxL7CX-EdKq1Lm25Kzj_ejbdiShQlgZgWVoNDWVzZhvCeRfNw6d7I5k/s1600/Baldwin+V.jpg" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Alice’s
position was further weakened by the outrage of the Pope, who claimed
Alice and Bohemond were related within the prohibited degrees. He ruled
the marriage invalid. Clearly, Bohemond was not going to be able to gain
control of Cyprus for her. So Alice tried a different tactic: she
appointed the disaffected Sir Amaury Barlais, the man who had already
clashed with Philip over the near-murder of one of Philip’s knights, as
her bailli.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When
Barlais appeared before the High Court of Cyprus to present his
credentials as bailli, however, he was accused of treason (because he
had sworn an oath to Philip) and challenged to judicial combat by
another baron.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">In
the midst of this power-struggle between Philip d’Ibelin and the
dowager queen, Philip had young Henry, now aged eight, crowned king. The
move was probably intended to bind the knights and nobles of Cyprus to
Henry by oath, and so ensure that Alice and Bohemond ― or Alice and a
different husband ― could not so easily depose him. Yet the crowning
aroused the outrage of the Holy Roman Emperor, who was technically the
overlord of Cyprus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">When
the Holy Roman Emperor came east, he accused Philip of misusing the
revenues of Cyprus, but by then Philip was already dead. In late 1227 or
early 1228, he died of a “mortal malady” that had kept him bed-ridden
for at least a year before his death and so weakened him that he had
voluntarily offered to resign his position of bailli.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Those are the naked facts, but what do they tell actually tell us about Philip? </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Modern
historians are quick to point out that Philip clung to power even
though the acknowledged regent no longer wanted him. The allegations of
impropriety leveled by the Holy Roman Emperor are also highlighted,
casting Philip in a dubious light. Yet the Holy Roman Emperor never
allowed his charges to go before a court of law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the contrary, he used every kind of force and deceit to ensure they did <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i>
come to court ― most probably because he knew his charges were entirely
bogus. It is also significant that a large majority (between two-thirds
and four-fifths depending on how many knights Cyprus had in this
period) of the High Court consistently sided with Philip d’Ibelin.
Finally, King Henry was extremely loyal to his Ibelin kin throughout his
reign, a poignant hint that he had loved Philip, the man who had been a
father for him from the age of one to ten.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp1ZgCmR6mxXyDZ7lha7roWCGpVhcDQCE7sGW_nNmLOYCCSAx8BwA52IRgPLiyY-aFXqRgrPgkzswRS2wV_jwloU1xrC4efRGN5mNkPCKDvHrcJqVtcbvk3ASXUFmnp5rtn9QsClb8y_k/s1600/Father+and+Son.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="259" data-original-width="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp1ZgCmR6mxXyDZ7lha7roWCGpVhcDQCE7sGW_nNmLOYCCSAx8BwA52IRgPLiyY-aFXqRgrPgkzswRS2wV_jwloU1xrC4efRGN5mNkPCKDvHrcJqVtcbvk3ASXUFmnp5rtn9QsClb8y_k/s1600/Father+and+Son.jpg" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. Philip is a character in <i>Rebels against Tyranny. </i><i><br /></i></span></span></p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">For more about the Ibelins and the world they lived in read:</span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-58825751931146725002023-10-25T01:18:00.002-07:002023-10-25T01:23:45.782-07:00House of Ibelin: John d'Ibelin, Lord of Beirut, Regent of Jerusalem and Cyprus<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"> <span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: blue;"><b>John
d'Ibelin, 1179 - 1236, has gone down in history as "the Old Lord of
Beirut." The description originates with 13th century historian and
jurist Philip de Novare, who makes "the Old Lord of Beirut" the hero in
his account of the baronial revolt against Emperor Fredrick II. While
modern historians warn that Novare was a vassal of the Ibelins and
obviously a biased observer, he nevertheless provides a first-hand
account of events that are rarely contradicted outright by other
sources. Rather, it is the invariable positive "spin" on the motives and
actions of the Ibelins that modern historians object to. Furthermore,
none can deny that John d'Ibelin, Lord of Beirut, was a towering figure
of the early 13th century, a man admired for his learning, wisdom
and influence.</b></span></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">John was the eldest son of Balian d’Ibelin and the Byzantine princess Maria Comnena. He</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"> was
probably born in 1179, the second of their four children. He was
presumably a child of eight when the Battle of Hattin destroyed the
world into which he had been born. He was certainly in Jerusalem when
father came to the city to rescue his family―only to remain in the city
and organize the defense. John, along with his siblings and his mother,
however, was escorted from the apparently doomed city </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">by Saladin’s own body-guard in a profoundly generous gesture on the part of the Sultan </span>before the siege.</span></div>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">The
next time John is mentioned in the historical record is in 1198, when
he is named Constable of Jerusalem by King Aimery de Lusignan. He would
have been only 19 at the time, and historians, balking at the idea of
such a young man might have been capable of fulfilling the duties of
Constable, hypothesize that the appointment was nominal, a means of
providing for him materially. Yet, as his father’s eldest son, he would
have already inherited the barony of Caymont, if (as historians assume)
his father was already dead. Furthermore, historians appear to overlook
the fact that young noblemen and kings came of age at 15 in the Holy
Land, so a noblemen of 19 would have been young but not viewed as
immature. If kings could command at 15, why shouldn’t a constable at 19?
Last but not least, John witnessed all existing charters of King
Aimery, suggesting a close relationship between the two men.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz8C1HHmCaaGS1R6KiTaEi677sIxMBr8rV27L3gTYdUFgvNjSd-Rls_jDSdSlr3q_YwUp8-P6VN-kVko4ZE_kjA6_5n7la1PnaeNOZGINaRitP_0QCcaq7-AWKZ8S90S7hG6I8_rRyTCY/s1600/Knight+and+Squire.jpg" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz8C1HHmCaaGS1R6KiTaEi677sIxMBr8rV27L3gTYdUFgvNjSd-Rls_jDSdSlr3q_YwUp8-P6VN-kVko4ZE_kjA6_5n7la1PnaeNOZGINaRitP_0QCcaq7-AWKZ8S90S7hG6I8_rRyTCY/s1600/Knight+and+Squire.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">John was <i>still </i>quite
young, 24, when he was named Regent of Jerusalem first for his
half-sister Isabella (following the death of her fourth husband, King
Aimery), and then for his niece, Isabella's eldest daughter and heir,
Maria de Montferrat, after Isabella’s death a few months later. As
regent he arranged a marriage between his niece Alice of Champagne
(Isabella’s daughter by her third husband, Henri de Champagne) with the
heir to the Cypriot throne, Hugh de Lusignan. In addition, he was
influential in the marriage of Maria de Montferrat to John de Brienne.
Meanwhile, sometime between 1198 and 1205, he had traded the position of
Constable for the lordship of Beirut. It was as Lord of Beirut that he
has gone down into history.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Beirut
was retaken for Christendom by German crusaders in 1198, but was so
badly destroyed in the process (either by the retreating Saracens or the
advancing Germans or both) that it was allegedly an uninhabitable
ruin. </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Despite
that, it was an immensely valuable prize because of its harbor, the
fertile surrounding coastal territory, and the proximity to Antioch and
Damascus.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">It was clearly a mark of great favor and trust that John d'Ibelin was granted the lordship of Beirut.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizRFYmQmNJeWwkHEyQ1BtsfToqdsMxXYDez-zGAzCWS2C9n_m0ZgCBaFWhO1sEWBlu706vFlaA1gIJlLYjItf24AzTKFfj677C_425skSZOIWmtq3Y31LPY4zHkmzf_f1tOHHzkMLDkkA/s1600/Enfeoffment+3.jpg" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="226" data-original-width="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizRFYmQmNJeWwkHEyQ1BtsfToqdsMxXYDez-zGAzCWS2C9n_m0ZgCBaFWhO1sEWBlu706vFlaA1gIJlLYjItf24AzTKFfj677C_425skSZOIWmtq3Y31LPY4zHkmzf_f1tOHHzkMLDkkA/s1600/Enfeoffment+3.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">John
d’Ibelin resettled the city and rebuilt the fortifications. He also
built a palace that won the admiration of visitors for its elegance and
luxury. It included polychrome marble walls, frescoes, painted ceilings,
fountains, gardens, and large, glazed windows offering splendid views
to the sea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin; text-align: justify;">John
first married (presumably in 1198 or 1199) a certain Helvis of Nephin,
about whom nothing is known beyond that she delivered to him five sons,
all of whom died as infants. Helvis herself died before 1207, when John
married the widowed heiress of Arsur, Melisende. By Melisende, John had
another five sons and a single daughter, all of whom survived to
adulthood.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">In
1210, Maria de Montferrat came of age, married John de Brienne, and the
couple were crowned Queen and King of Jerusalem; John’s regency was
over. Furthermore, he completely disappeared from the witness lists of
the kingdom, suggesting he had withdrawn to Beirut rather than remaining
in attendance on the new king and queen―whether voluntarily, or after
some dispute is unknown.</span></div>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">While
nothing is known for sure about John’s whereabouts between 1210 and
1217, by the latter date John and his younger brother Philip headed the
list of witness to all existing charters of King Hugh I of Cyprus. This
suggests that at some unknown point before 1217 he had acquired
important fiefs on Cyprus. In 1227, he was named regent for the orphaned
heir to the Cypriot crown, Henry I.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhYepF41WEhLxT9ARDJsTcstGrR2GQQER8VHo_DyG66HRkLteb9WjrkMNcdUxp7pzzrH0QIxSMlXiZWB45Y2X6laFrVumfy8q-IU5YxPTOaUsrkgBZW0QlPnIls0Vw0vSfj-BAL5Pu9o/s1600/Father+and+Son.jpg" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="259" data-original-width="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhYepF41WEhLxT9ARDJsTcstGrR2GQQER8VHo_DyG66HRkLteb9WjrkMNcdUxp7pzzrH0QIxSMlXiZWB45Y2X6laFrVumfy8q-IU5YxPTOaUsrkgBZW0QlPnIls0Vw0vSfj-BAL5Pu9o/s1600/Father+and+Son.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Only
a year later, however, the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II
Hohenstaufen arrived at the head of the Fifth crusade, and John
immediately found himself on a collision course. </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">At
stake was the constitution of the Kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus,
with John defending the traditional pre-eminent role of the High Court
against the Holy Roman Emperor's attempt to impose absolute monarchy on
both kingdoms.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"> In the long-run, t</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">he
Hohenstaufen suffered a complete defeat, eventually losing his
suzerainty over Cyprus altogether, while neither he nor his heirs were
ever able to exercise his royal authority throughout the Kingdom of
Jerusalem. But the cost was high: a civil war that dragged out over a
quarter century.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">John
has been accused by historians of defending only the parochial
interests of his family and the leading baronial families. Certainly,
his stance undermined central authority in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and
ultimately weakened it. Against this argument stands the fact that his
rebellion actually strengthened the position of the Kings of Cyprus.
Furthermore, Frederick II’s heavy handed attempts to disinherit men
without due process and run rough-shod over local laws and customs meant
John was fighting as much for the rule of law as for personal
interests. </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">The
fact that John was strongly supported by the commons of Acre further
underlines the fact that he was not solely self-interested.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John had no problem accepting the authority of John de Brienne and Henri de Lusignan, after all.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I believe, therefore, a strong case can be made for John opposing not the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">concept</i> of central authority but rather the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">individual</i> ― Frederick II, who even his admirers describe as arrogant and authoritarian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Frederick
II believed that, like a Roman Emperor, he was God’s representative on
earth. Frederick II provoked revolts in the West as well as the East,
and was excommunicated several times. John d'Ibelin, on the other hand,
was widely admired in his own lifetime and has been compared to St.
Louis of France by later historians.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">He
died from injuries obtained fighting against the Saracens on the
eastern border of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1236. On his deathbed he
joined the Knights Templar. <br /></span></div><p> </p><p></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. John of Beirut is one of the main characters in <i>The Last Crusader Kingdom</i>, <i>Rebels against Tyranny </i>and <i>The Emperor Strikes Back.<br /></i></span></span></p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">For more about the Ibelins and the world they lived in read:</span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-3122854290047842882023-10-18T01:47:00.000-07:002023-10-18T01:47:04.949-07:00House of Ibelin: Eschiva d'Ibelin, Founder of a Dynasty<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Although Eschiva
d'Ibelin never wore a crown, she was the founder of a dynasty that ruled Cyprus
for roughly 300 years. Eschiva was married to a landless adventurer as a child
and ended up married to a king without changing husbands</span></b><b>.</b><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> While we know very
little about her, what we do know hints at a vital role during a critical
juncture in history.</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-vWPlk1xfFPVoZkC_8pbHA3ceB28-ts2qZXBhelIEVHfsL-hn0petRevLfL0OZMTd0rYqmn9WUtZuQsffrwG6nptnNvI3u7T4mQxmfSuUA3cqiTxqVqyyankBR7oxtLuNJKjnZSczvBDsE67ZKAoWodKQ35nTUV8sHwGGPSM3_LBJ7YpyMRVrTx0fqd_o/s300/Birth%20of%20a%20King.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="295" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-vWPlk1xfFPVoZkC_8pbHA3ceB28-ts2qZXBhelIEVHfsL-hn0petRevLfL0OZMTd0rYqmn9WUtZuQsffrwG6nptnNvI3u7T4mQxmfSuUA3cqiTxqVqyyankBR7oxtLuNJKjnZSczvBDsE67ZKAoWodKQ35nTUV8sHwGGPSM3_LBJ7YpyMRVrTx0fqd_o/s1600/Birth%20of%20a%20King.jpg" width="295" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Eschiva was the
daughter of Baldwin d'Ibelin, who held the barony of Ramla and Mirabel by right
of his wife, Richildis. Eschiva’s birthdate is not recorded, but she must have
been born about 1165 and had one sister, Stephanie. The Ibelins’ comparatively
low rank at this time is illustrated by the fact that Stephanie married Amaury,
viscount of Nablus (i.e., a household official, not a lord), while Eschiva was married
to a landless adventurer from France, Aimery de Lusignan. Aimery was the third
son of the French Lord de la March, and he married Eschiva <i>before</i> his brother
Guy came to Jerusalem and seduced his way to a crown.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Eschiva was
probably already married when her father distinguished himself at the Battle of
Montgisard in 1177, an event which appears to have gone to his head and sparked
new ambitions. In that same year but months before the battle, the heiress of
Jerusalem, King Baldwin’s sister Sibylla, had been widowed, and rumours soon
started to circulate that Baldwin of Ramla hoped to marry her. Of course, that was
only possible if he could rid himself of his wife, Richildis, the mother of his
two daughters. He successfully did, although she appears to have been blameless,
and no grounds for the divorce are given in the surviving records. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Furthermore, the
divorce did not bring him the desired results. Princess Sibylla was instead
betrothed to the far more powerful and prestigious Duke of Burgandy. Ramla evidently
consoled himself with a marriage to the daughter of the Lord of Caesarea,
Elizabeth Gotman. Two years later, however, she was dead, and Baldwin’s
ambitions again turned towards Sibylla. He may have had some form of encouragement
from Sibylla herself because when he found himself in Saracen captivity in the
summer of 1179, Saladin felt he could ask a king’s ransom for Ramla’s release.
Presumably, the sultan had heard rumours that Ramla was about to marry the heir
apparent to Jerusalem’s throne and would one day be king-consort. Furthermore,
the Byzantine Emperor proved willing to pay a large portion of that ransom on
the assumption that Baldwin of Ramla would become king of Jerusalem</span> <span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">in due time. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Instead, Sibylla
married Guy de Lusignan in haste and secrecy. <a style="mso-comment-date: 20230216T1757; mso-comment-reference: RS_1;">This meant that with one stroke, Eschiva’s
brother-in-law had snatched away from her father the prize he had been pursuing
for roughly three years – and the justification for humiliating her mother.</a></span><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt;"><a class="msocomanchor" href="#_msocom_1" id="_anchor_1" name="_msoanchor_1">[RS1]</a><span style="mso-special-character: comment;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> That act created an
irreparable breach between Sibylla’s father and husband. Although her father
married a third time to Maria of Beirut, Ramla never reconciled with Guy de
Lusignan. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Meanwhile, around
1182, Baldwin IV appointed Eschiva’s husband, Aimery de Lusignan, constable of
the kingdom. While this was a prestigious and important position, Eschiva’s joy
at seeing her husband raised in status may have been dimmed by rumours that he
owed his appointment to an intimate relationship with Queen Mother Agnes de
Courtenay.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the death of Baldwin IV, Eschiva’s father
and husband found themselves on a collision course. Aimery backed Sibylla and
Guy’s usurpation of the throne, while Baldwin of Ramla opposed them and sought
to crown Isabella. Although Sibylla’s coup was successful, and she crowned Guy
herself, Ramla was one of two barons who flatly refused to accept it. Rather
than do homage to his hated rival Guy, Ramla chose exile, abandoning his third
wife Maria, his infant son Thomas – and Eschiva, who probably never saw him
again.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">While we cannot
know what Eschiva felt, it is hard to imagine that such a bitter break between
her father and her husband did not cause her emotional distress. On the
surface, she remained loyal to her husband, but any joy in the triumph of Guy
de Lusignan must have rapidly turned sour. Firstly, Aimery benefitted in no way
from Guy’s crown; Aimery was neither appointed to new offices nor awarded lands
and titles. Secondly, within a year, Guy had led the kingdom to disaster at the
battle of Hattin, and Aimery was a prisoner of Saladin. Soon Ramla and Mirabel,
along with Acre, Jaffa and Ascalon, had been overrun by Saladin’s armies.
Eschiva was a refugee with several young children. Her father had disappeared,
her husband was a prisoner, and she had no means to support herself or her
children, let alone raise a ransom for her husband. We have no idea where she
found refuge in this period of great uncertainty. The most likely scenario is
that she joined the household of her father’s younger brother, Balian d'Ibelin,
Lord of Nablus. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Lord of Nablus had
fought his way off the field at Hattin and was described by contemporary Arab
sources as ‘like a king’ among the Christians in the immediate aftermath of Hattin.
He extracted his family from Jerusalem before the siege began and had them
taken to an unspecified place of safety, possibly Tyre or Tripoli. Most likely,
his niece Eschiva and her children were welcomed into his household and
maintained by Nablus as long as needed. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Meanwhile, after a
year in captivity, Aimery was released by Saladin along with his brother Guy.
He remained loyal to the latter, joining him at the siege of Acre in 1189. However,
Eschiva’s whereabouts during this period are unknown. There is no mention of
her at the siege camp of Acre. Had she been there, she would have attended her
sister-in-law, Queen Sibylla, at the time of her death. It appears she was left
somewhere safer. It is also possible that in the wake of Guy’s disastrous reign,
she and Aimery were estranged at this time.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">At the end of the
Third Crusade, Richard of England sold the island of Cyprus to Guy de Lusignan.
Meanwhile, Aimery de Lusignan is conspicuously absent from the names of those
who went with Guy to Cyprus to establish his rule there. Instead, Aimery
remained in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, where he continued to hold the post of constable.
However, his situation there was undermined by Guy’s resentment at losing the
Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was believed that Guy was plotting against Queen
Isabella and her husband, Henri de Champagne, to regain the crown of Jerusalem
with the support of the Pisans. When Aimery spoke up in favour of the Pisans, Henri
de Champagne ordered Aimery’s arrest on the assumption that Aimery sided with
his brother Guy. Aimery’s arrest aroused the anger of the other barons, however,
and the High Court pressured Champagne into releasing him. Yet, there was no
longer any trust between the two men, and Aimery could ill resume his tenure as
constable. Instead, he followed his brother to Cyprus. There is no evidence
that Eschiva went with him at this time. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In 1194, Guy de
Lusignan died in Cyprus. Despite Aimery’s years of loyal support and service to
his younger brother, Guy slighted Aimery to bequeath the island to their elder
brother Hugh. For Eschiva, Guy’s ungratefulness would have been particularly
bitter given that Aimery’s loyalty to Guy cost her all contact with her father.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 4.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hugh de Lusignan, however, had no interest in abandoning his French
lands for distant Cyprus, and the rich island fell to Aimery by default. Aimery
seized the opportunity and rapidly proved to be a far more able administrator
than his brother had ever been. He pacified Cyprus, and opened it to
immigration by those made homeless through Saladin’s victories in Syria, yet
left the Greek civil service largely in control and made no disruptive changes
to the tax structure. Likewise, although he established a Latin church on the
island, he left the Greek church in possession of most of its lands and tithes.
Finally, to elevate his own status, he offered to do homage to the Holy Roman
Emperor for Cyprus in exchange for a crown. Emperor Henry VI agreed and sent
word that he would crown Aimery when he came to the Holy Land on his planned
crusade. In the meantime, the emperor sent the archbishops of Brindisi and
Trani a sceptre as a symbol of monarchy. Aimery styled himself ‘King of Cyprus’
from this time forward. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Meanwhile, sometime
after Aimery became lord of Cyprus, but before he was made king, Eschiva joined
him. By then, she was roughly 30 years of age and had given Aimery six children,
three boys and three girls. Two of her sons and a daughter, however, had died
young. The surviving children were Burgundia, Helvis and Hugh. Significantly,
Hugh was born in 1196, so he was presumably conceived and born in Cyprus after Eschiva
had joined her husband there.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">That same year, Eschiva
took ill from an unknown cause, probably in the aftermath of Hugh’s birth. This
led to her becoming a victim of her husband’s otherwise admirable efforts to
curb the rampant piracy in the eastern Mediterranean. What befell her is
described in considerable detail in the Lyon Continuation of William of Tyre. The
account deserves to be quoted in full. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘[The pirate Canaqui] learned that … the queen and her children had come
to stay near the sea in a village named Paradhisi. The queen had been ill, and …
had come there to rest and recuperate. As soon as Canaqui knew where she was, he
landed with some companions. He was familiar with the lie of the land, and he
came at dawn to the village where he surprised the people who were with her,
captured the queen and her children, and took them off in his galley.<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘After he had absconded with the queen, the hue and cry arose in the
land and the news came to the king who was greatly angered … The king and
queen’s relations and everyone else were very sorrowful at this shameful event that
had taken place in the Kingdom of Cyprus … When Leo of the Mountain, who was
lord of Armenia, came to hear of the outrage that had befallen King Aimery and
his lady, he was deeply saddened because of the love that he had both for King
Aimery who was his friend and for Baldwin of Ibelin whose daughter she had
been. He immediately sent messengers to Isaac [the backer of Canaqui] to say
that if he valued his life, he would have the lady and her children brought to
Gorhigos the moment he read this letter. As soon as Isaac heard this order from
the lord of Armenia, he accepted that he would have to do as he was told. He
sent [the kidnapped lady and her children] to Gorhigos is fitting style, and
when Leo heard of their arrival, he went to meet them and, receiving them with
appropriate honour, did much to please them.<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘As soon as the lady had arrived in Gorhigos, he sent messengers to King
Aimery telling him not to be angry or troubled for he had freed his wife and
children from the power of their enemies. When the king heard this news, he was
delighted at the great service and act of kindness [Leo] had done them. He had
galleys made ready and went to Armenia, accompanied by his best men. There he
was received honourably, and he was overjoyed to find his wife and children
safe and sound’.<a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Several points are striking
in this account. The reference to Baldwin d’Ibelin being a friend of Leo of the
Mountain is intriguing, as it suggests that after leaving the Kingdom of
Jerusalem, the former lord of Ramla went to Armenia. More significant for
Eschiva herself, however, is that there is no hint of sexual abuse or disgrace.
On the contrary, much is made of her being greeted with ‘appropriate honour’.
Furthermore, Eschiva was clearly welcomed back by Aimery without recriminations
or doubts. Was this because the kidnapper was Orthodox Christian rather than
Muslim or because the entire episode was considered political hostage-taking
rather than a criminal or military kidnapping?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Even in the absence
of sexual abuse, however, the experience of being held hostage by a known
pirate must have been traumatic in the extreme for Eschiva, both as a young
woman and the mother of two young, possibly nubile, daughters and an infant son.
Although Eschiva returned with Aimery to Cyprus, she appears to have never fully
recovered from the trauma or the illness that had taken her to Paradhisi in the
first place. Although she lived long enough to witness the reconciliation
between her husband and Henri de Champagne, who came to Cyprus explicitly for
that purpose, she died before she could be crowned. Her husband of more than
twenty years was crowned and anointed king of Cyprus in September 1197 without
Eschiva at his side. Within weeks, Henri of Champagne would fall to his death,
and before the end of the year, Aimery had married the widowed Queen Isabella I
of Jerusalem. </span></p>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Eschiva
lived in the vortex of Jerusalem politics in the last two decades of the twelfth
century. She was an Ibelin by birth and a Lusignan by marriage. She founded a
dynasty that would rule Cyprus for more than 300 years. But we do not know if
she was politically active. Did she have a say in affairs of state? Did she
whisper advice to her husband? Or did she console and support her
sister-in-law Sibylla? Did she advise Sibylla not to renounce Guy, no matter the
pressure from the High Court? Or did she see what her father and uncle saw in
him, that Guy would make a disastrous king and try to talk Sibylla into abandoning
him? Unless new sources come to light, we will never know.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Yet it does not
take too much imagination to see Eschiva as the bridge that enabled the Ibelins
to become the most powerful supporters of the Lusignan dynasty in Cyprus.
Historians puzzle over the fact that the Ibelins, who were inveterate opponents
of Guy de Lusignan, could quickly become so entrenched in his brother's Kingdom
of Cyprus. Eschiva was likely the key. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"> </p><div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;"><span lang="EN-US">The Lyon Continuation of William of Tyre, 127,
paragraph 149.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 150%;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;">
<span lang="EN-US">The Lyon Continuation of William of Tyre, 127, paragraph
150.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 150%;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;">
<span lang="EN-US">The Lyon Continuation of William of Tyre, 128, paragraph
152.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div style="mso-element: comment-list;">
<hr align="left" class="msocomoff" size="1" width="33%" />
<div style="mso-element: comment;">
<div class="msocomtxt" id="_com_1"><span style="mso-comment-author: "Rhonda Shore"; mso-comment-providerid: "Windows Live"; mso-comment-userid: 61a97f3f77522f05;"><a name="_msocom_1"></a></span> <br /></div></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Find out more about the House of Ibelin in </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. Eschiva is a character in <i>Balian d'Ibelin, Defender of Jerusalem, Envoy of Jerusalem</i>, and is a leading character in <i>The Last Crusader Kingdom.<br /></i></span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-44751500043682516652023-10-11T00:55:00.000-07:002023-10-11T00:55:06.853-07:00House of Ibelin: Balian of Nablus<p style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;">Balian d'Ibelin has been made famous by a Hollywood movie, which successfully distorts his biography in almost every significant way. The historical Balian was far more interesting, important and inspiring. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOx-RUdlPwSWHCOLYldLbXqYyPIJxdneMo6vg3ADXsBeBJcTc3iACtCN5Jlt4ZZmslAdfdjy9C4dLEIa5j1hMNi_5QsCk9DJDZDQ25y_o77BCNyKKCNu52fQQ8TnglzJJO9Q8AoTsUnZyhg5IMSC98K6zYgEXGwW-VzhwscSiFVbJvCeDF5uFqdLU1X7HI/s256/Balian%20on%20the%20Ramparts.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="256" data-original-width="197" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOx-RUdlPwSWHCOLYldLbXqYyPIJxdneMo6vg3ADXsBeBJcTc3iACtCN5Jlt4ZZmslAdfdjy9C4dLEIa5j1hMNi_5QsCk9DJDZDQ25y_o77BCNyKKCNu52fQQ8TnglzJJO9Q8AoTsUnZyhg5IMSC98K6zYgEXGwW-VzhwscSiFVbJvCeDF5uFqdLU1X7HI/s1600/Balian%20on%20the%20Ramparts.jpg" width="197" /></a></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;"> </span><br /><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
text-indent:.5in;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;
mso-ligatures:standardcontextual;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">The
youngest of Barisan’s sons and his namesake was an infant at the time of his
father’s death, two years old when his stepfather was exiled, and eight years old at his
mother’s death. He first enters the historical record at the age of 17 where he is the only knight amidst
barons credited with a prominent role in the important Christian
victory at Montgisard in 1177. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">At
roughly the same time, Balian made a scandalously brilliant match, marrying the
Dowager Queen of Jerusalem, Maria Comnena. With this marriage, he became a
relative of the Byzantine emperor and a stepfather of the king’s half-sister
Isabella. Possibly as part of the marriage arrangement, Balian was
accorded the title of Lord of Ibelin. One presumes his older brother was
persuaded to turn this, the smaller of his two lordships, over to his younger
brother to make him a more suitable match for a dowager queen. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">It
is important to remember that, as a widow who was not an heiress, the dowager
queen could not be forced into a new marriage. She was financially independent, holding one of the most prestigious and wealthy fiefs of the kingdom, Nablus. This made her "lord" over one of the largest contingents to the feudal host. She did not need to
remarry. Maria Comnena’s marriage to Balian d’Ibelin can only have been
voluntary.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">The
dowager queen brought with her into her second marriage her dower portion, the
wealthy and strategically important royal domain of Nablus. As Maria’s consort,
Balian assumed command of the barony’s feudal levees, including eighty-five
knights. Combined with Ibelin’s ten knights, this made Balian one of the most
powerful feudal lords — with more than twice the troops of his elder brother
Baldwin of Ramla. He was frequently referred to as Balian of Nablus in the
records of the time, although the title of Ibelin is more common now.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">In
accordance with his new status, Ibelin took part in every major military
campaign of the next decade and was also a member of the High Court of
Jerusalem. In 1183, when Baldwin IV decided to crown his nephew during own
his lifetime to reduce the risk of a succession crisis, Ibelin was selected —
ahead of all the more senior barons in the kingdom — to carry the young
king on his shoulders to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. He also raised
Princess Isabella until 1180, when she was forcibly taken from her mother and
taken to live with her betrothed, Humphrey de Toron, at the border fortress of
Kerak.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">When
Baldwin V died in the summer of 1186, Ibelin took a leading role in opposing
Sibylla’s usurpation of the throne and her devious tactics to crown her
unpopular second husband, Guy de Lusignan. When efforts to crown Isabella
as a rival to Sibylla failed due to Toron’s defection, the majority of the
barons, including Balian, did homage to Guy and Sibylla. After his brother
Baldwin’s departure, Balian took control of Ramla’s forty knights, making him
leader of one of the largest contingents of feudal levees owed to the crown. He
used this power to try to reconcile the usurper, Guy de Lusignan, with the
only baron more powerful than himself: Raymond, Count of Tripoli. Like his
brother, Raymond was refusing to do homage to Guy, despite the clear and
present danger posed by Saladin. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Ibelin
was ultimately successful in his reconciliation efforts. Shortly thereafter, he
and Tripoli demonstrated their loyalty to the crown by answering the royal
summons to muster under the leadership of Guy de Lusignan to stop
Saladin’s invasion of July 1187. Against the advice of Tripoli, Balian
d’Ibelin and others, Guy chose to abandon the Springs of Sephoria and march the
Christian army across an arid plateau to the relief of the beleaguered city of
Tiberius.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Tripoli
commanded the van of this army, and King Guy the centre, and Ibelin commanded
the rearguard. The latter was savagely attacked throughout the advance on July
3, decimating the ranks of the Templars fighting with Ibelin. As commander of
the rearguard, Ibelin was not with the Count of Tripoli when the latter broke
through the encirclement. However, Arab sources note that towards the end of
the battle, the Franks Ied several charges, one of which endangered Saladin
himself. Possibly, one of these broke through the surrounding Saracen army
enough to enable Ibelin and some of his knights to escape. All that is certain
is that Ibelin was one of only three barons to fight his way off the field at
Hattin. Based on the number of survivors, it appears that roughly 3,000 men
escaped with him to Tyre.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Ibelin’s
wife and four children, all under the age of 10, however, were trapped in
Jerusalem with some 60,000 other refugees. As Saladin’s armies overran the rest
of the kingdom and a siege of Jerusalem became inevitable, Balian did a
remarkable thing: he approached Saladin and requested a safe conduct to ride to
Jerusalem and remove his wife and children. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Saladin
agreed — on the condition that he ride to Jerusalem unarmed and stay only one
night. Ibelin agreed to these conditions but had not reckoned with the reaction
of the residents and refugees in Jerusalem. The citizens and Patriarch of
Jerusalem begged Ibelin to take command of the defence. The patriarch
demonstratively absolved him of his oath to Saladin. Ibelin felt he had no
choice. He sent word to Saladin of his predicament, and Saladin graciously sent
fifty of his personal Mamluks to escort Balian’s family to Christian-held
territory, while Ibelin remained to defend Jerusalem against overwhelming odds.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">And
defend Jerusalem he did. After conducting foraging sorties to collect
supplies for the population from the surrounding Saracen-held territory, he
successfully held off assaults from Saladin’s army from September 21-25.
Saladin was forced to redeploy his army against a different sector of the wall.
On September 29, Saladin’s sappers successfully brought down a segment of the
northern wall roughly 30 metres long. Jerusalem was no longer defensible.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">With
Saracen forces pouring over the breach and into the city, their banners flying
from one of the nearest towers, Ibelin went to Saladin to negotiate. According
to Arab sources, Saladin scoffed: one does not negotiate the surrender of a
city that has already fallen. But as he dismissively pointed to
his banners on the walls of the city, those banners were thrown down and
replaced with those of Jerusalem. Ibelin played his trump card. If the sultan
would not give him terms, he and his men would kill the Muslim prisoners along
with the inhabitants, desecrate and destroy the temples of all religions in the
city – including the Dome of the Rock and the Al Aqsa Mosque – and then sally
forth to die a martyr’s death, taking as many Saracens as possible with them.
Saladin relented. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">The
Christians were given forty days to raise ransoms of ten dinars per man, five
per woman and two per child. Although an estimated
fifteen-thousand Christians were still marched off to slavery at the end
of the forty days, between forty-five and sixty-thousand Christians survived as
free men and women thanks to Ibelin’s skill as a negotiator. Notably,
Ibelin offered to stand surety for the ransoms owed by the destitute, while
efforts were made to raise their ransoms in the West. Saladin rejected his
offer but ‘gave’ Balian 500 slaves as a personal gift; that is, he freed 500
Christians that would otherwise have gone into slavery.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Ibelin
escorted a column consisting of roughly one-third of the refugees from
Jerusalem to Tyre, the closest city still in Christian hands. The man
commanding Tyre at the time, Conrad de Montferrat, however, could not admit
15,000 additional people to a city about to come under siege. They would have
risked starvation if relief did not come from the West. So, while the bulk of
the non-combatants continued to Tripoli, Ibelin and other fighting men remained
in Tyre to continue the fight against Saladin. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">In
1188, when Guy de Lusignan laid siege to the city of Acre, Ibelin – despite his
profound disagreements with Guy – joined him there; his determination to regain
territory was more important to him than his disagreements with Lusignan.
However, when Queen Sibylla of Jerusalem and both her daughters by Guy de
Lusignan died in 1190, the situation changed. Guy's claim to the throne was
through his wife. With her death, Ibelin’s stepdaughter, Isabella, became the
legitimate queen. Recognizing that the kingdom at this time needed a fighting
man as its king, Ibelin and his wife played the deciding role in convincing
Isabella to set aside her husband Humphrey de Toron. The grounds for annulment
of the marriage were that she had been forced into the marriage against her
will before reaching the legal age of consent. Having divorced Toron, Isabella
immediately married Conrad de Montferrat.<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Thereafter,
Ibelin staunchly supported Conrad de Montferrat as King of Jerusalem. This
initially put him in direct conflict with Richard I of England, who backed Guy
de Lusignan, the latter being the brother of one of his vassals. As a
result, during the first year of Richard’s presence in the Holy Land, Ibelin
remained persona non grata in Richard’s court. In fact, he served as an envoy
for Conrad de Montferrat to the Sultan’s court — something Richard’s entourage
and chroniclers viewed as treason to the Christian cause.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Richard
the Lionheart, however, was neither a fool nor a bigot. He recognised that
after he went home (as he must), only the barons and knights of
Outremer could defend the territories he had recovered during the Third
Crusade. He also reluctantly realised that Guy de Lusignan would never be
accepted as king by the barons and knights of the kingdom he had led to such a
disastrous defeat at Hattin. So, in April 1192, Richard withdrew his
support for Lusignan and recognised Isabella and her husband as the rightful
rulers of Jerusalem. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Thereafter,
Richard employed Ibelin as a negotiator with Saladin, and in August,
Ibelin negotiated the truce that ended hostilities and allowed free access
to Jerusalem for unarmed Christian pilgrims. Like the surrender of Jerusalem
five years earlier, this was not a triumph, but it was far better than what
might have been expected under the circumstances. Notably, Ibelin’s truce
left Ibelin and Ramla in Muslim hands, something he must have negotiated
with a heavy heart, despite being compensated later with the barony of Caymont
near Acre.<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Richard
the Lionheart returned to Europe, and Isabella was crowned queen. Ibelin became
the foremost nobleman in his stepdaughter's kingdom, but he disappears from the
historical record in 1194. It is usually presumed that he died about this time,
but it should be noted that there are other reasons for noblemen to cease
signing charters. Both of Ibelin’s sons disappear from the charters of King
John de Brienne, not because they were dead, but because they were active in
Cyprus. Balian and his Byzantine wife may also have taken an active role in
establishing Frankish rule in Cyprus,<a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a>
or, like his brother Hugh, he might have gone on a pilgrimage to the West or
been engaged in diplomatic activities anywhere from Constantinople to Cairo. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">From
relative obscurity as the youngest and landless son of a rear-vassal, Balian
d’Ibelin rose to premier lord of the realm. Yet Balian’s most pivotal role was
that of a peacemaker — between Tripoli and Lusignan, between Richard the
Lionheart and Montferrat and between Richard and Saladin. He was also
instrumental in setting aside the ineffectual Humphrey de Toron, paving the way
for the re-establishment of a viable monarchy around which the barons could
unite. Yet, his moment of greatest glory was when he offered himself as a
hostage for 15,000 destitute refugees who could not pay their ransom. Saladin
rejected his gesture, but that does not diminish the spirit of compassion and
charity that inspired it.</span></p><div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;"><span lang="EN-US"> This incident is the source of much slander against both Balian and
Maria Comnena. For more details, see: <a href="https://www.crusaderkingdoms.com/abduction-of-isabella.html">'Abduction
of Isabella of Jerusalem', crusaderkingdoms.com</a><span class="MsoHyperlink">.</span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;" title=""></a></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;"><span lang="EN-US"> For more on this see, <a href="https://www.crusaderkingdoms.com/ibelins-on-cyprus.html">'Ibelins on
Cyprus', crusaderkingdoms.com</a><span class="MsoHyperlink">.</span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. Balian is the main protagonist of <i>Balian d'Ibelin, Defender of Jerusalem, Envoy of Jerusalem</i>, and <i>The Last Crusader Kingdom</i>.</span></span></p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">For more about the Ibelins and the world they lived in read:</span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p> </p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-87714074427085308812023-10-04T01:42:00.002-07:002023-10-04T01:42:46.215-07:00House of Ibelin: Baldwin of Ramla<p style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;">Although historically he would be overshadowed by his younger brother Balian, Baldwin of Ramla was the more prominent of the surviving Ibelin brothers at Hugh's death. He succeeded to his maternal barony at her death and his father's smaller lordship at his brother's death. He was exceptionally ambitious and hoped to gain a crown by marriage. In the end, however, his very pride reduced him to landless poverty. In many ways, Baldwin of Ibelin was a quintessential medieval nobleman with many of the virtues and weakness of the feudal elites in the age of chivalry.</span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWNrt2vbTdoCGsV0lOSwoAkEqqT2LhqY92UHjyGvgygYXpMsEC2YH95NKNWiEXgFOm-Szkr4awUT0tXfNAWMtFE90Zgp6z4SkNtgCkDB0PVrObvHIxCJuM7axwflwpC9vdJQ2npbig5jh39yTiAyR27yMqNAjmleIB5MnYng8hUece6SpQtJF-lzjhKgaD/s229/Knight-MLH.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="160" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWNrt2vbTdoCGsV0lOSwoAkEqqT2LhqY92UHjyGvgygYXpMsEC2YH95NKNWiEXgFOm-Szkr4awUT0tXfNAWMtFE90Zgp6z4SkNtgCkDB0PVrObvHIxCJuM7axwflwpC9vdJQ2npbig5jh39yTiAyR27yMqNAjmleIB5MnYng8hUece6SpQtJF-lzjhKgaD/s1600/Knight-MLH.jpg" width="160" /></a></p><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
text-align:justify;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
text-indent:.5in;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;
mso-ligatures:standardcontextual;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cabin",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Baldwin, Barisan’s second son, was only 5
years old when his father died.<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""></a> [1]<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""></a> His mother
remarried the same year, taking the powerful Manassas of Hierges – a close
adherent of Queen Melisende – as her second husband. The marriage aroused the
ire of Hugh d’Ibelin because, according to William of Tyre, it removed the
wealth and prestige of the barony of Ramla from his command. Since Helvis’
second marriage would hardly have impinged on Hugh’s claim to Ramla had he been
Helvis’ son, the issue at stake was control of Baldwin, the young heir. Hugh
had expected to benefit from the resources of Ramla and Mirabel until Baldwin
came of age in 1160. Helvis’ marriage removed Baldwin from his control and
denied him access to the revenues of Ramla and Mirabel. This caused Hugh to
turn against Queen Melisende and support her son Baldwin III in their domestic
power struggle. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cabin",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">When Baldwin III outmanoeuvered his mother
and became the sole monarch two years later, Manassas of Hierges was sent into
exile, never to return. Helvis of Ramla, however, remained in the Kingdom of
Jerusalem and in possession of her fief and her son Baldwin. In 1156, at just
11 years of age, Baldwin was married to Richildis of Bethsan, a maiden of noble
birth but not an heiress.<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""></a>[2] In 1158,
when Baldwin was still two years short of his majority, his mother died, and
his brother Hugh at last became his guardian. In 1160, Baldwin turned 15 and so
reached legal maturity. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cabin",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Baldwin (usually referred to by his title of
Ramla in the chronicles) first emerges as an important figure for his
contribution to the Battle of Montgisard. Based on the most recent analysis of
the battle, the Franks manoeuvered Saladin onto swampy terrain, where the
Sultan’s superior numbers could not be brought to bear. This effective use of
the topography was possible because the army of Jerusalem was ‘led by a local
lord, who knew the terrain better than anybody else on the battlefield’.<a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""></a><a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""></a>[3] Despite
what numerous modern commentators have alleged, that ‘local lord’ was not
Reynald de Châtillon, a Western adventurer who had spent most of the previous
fifteen years in a Saracen prison and before that had been Prince of Antioch in
the North. It was the nobleman in whose lordship the battle was fought and the
man who led the vanguard: Baldwin d’Ibelin. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cabin",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Meanwhile, after the birth of two daughters,
Baldwin separated from his first wife, Richildis, sometime before 1175 when he
married Elizabeth Gotman, the widow of Hugh of Caesarea. Elizabeth died
childless in 1179, leaving Baldwin free to marry again when the heir apparent,
Baldwin IV’s sister Princess Sibylla, became a 20-year-old widow with an infant
son. While the High Court of Jerusalem sent to France for a suitable husband,
Ramla courted Princess Sibylla directly with the apparent ambition of becoming
king-consort. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cabin",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">According to the contemporary chronicle
written by a client of the Ibelin family (Ernoul), Princess Sibylla was not
disinclined to Ramla’s suit. Unfortunately for Ramla, he was taken captive by
the Saracens in June 1179. Saladin demanded the outrageous ransom of 200,000
gold bezants, or twice what was paid for Baldwin II in 1123. The size of the
ransom demand, which could never have been raised from Baldwin’s small
lordship, suggests that Salah al-Din viewed Baldwin was the next king and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>expected the entire kingdom to pay the ransom
— as was customary for a captive king. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cabin",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Ramla’s hopes of gaining a crown through
marriage, however, were crushed by Sibylla’s hasty marriage to Guy de Lusignan.
Ramla had every reason to be disappointed (not to say outraged) by these
developments, particularly because Guy was in no way his equal in terms of
status or experience. Ramla’s feelings would have been further complicated by
the fact that Guy was the younger brother of his son-in-law; Baldwin’s eldest
daughter Eschiva had been married prior to 1180 to Aimery de Lusignan. To add
insult to injury, Baldwin IV raised his new brother-in-law Guy to Count of
Jaffa and Ascalon, thereby effectively demoting Baldwin from tenant-in-chief to
‘rear vassal’. Most insulting of all, it made Baldwin a vassal of the very man
who had just stolen the heiress he’d courted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cabin",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">There can be little doubt that this
embittered the proud Baldwin of Ramla, but it did not make him a rebel. On at
least three occasions between 1180 and Baldwin IV’s death in 1185, Ramla
dutifully mustered with his knights when summoned by the king. Indeed, he
played a prominent role, with his brother Balian, in defeating the Saracen
forces attempting to take the springs at Tubanie in 1183. As long as
Baldwin IV and his son Baldwin V ruled, Ramla accepted his fate. He married
one last time, Maria of Beirut, by whom he had his only son Thomas after 1181.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cabin",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The elevation of Guy de Lusignan to the
crown in the coup d’etat of 1186, however, proved too much for Ramla to bear. Rather than
do homage to Guy de Lusignan, Ramla took the dramatic and unusual step of
renouncing his lands and titles in favour of his infant son. ‘It was an
extraordinary thing to do. It meant giving up his inheritance, jeopardizing the
future of his heirs and abdicating the political and social standing that he, his father and elder brother had
nurtured for the past three-quarters of a century’.<a href="#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""></a>[4]
Baldwin took service with the Prince of Antioch, but he disappears from the
historical record after his departure from the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1186.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cabin",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">A man who took such a dramatic step was
clearly a man of strong emotions. His hatred and resentment of Guy de Lusignan
must have been enormous. More baffling, however, is that his outraged pride was
more important to him than power and wealth. Equally notable, if less obvious,
is that he was a singularly callous husband and father. He had discarded
the mother of his two daughters for no better reason than the chance of a
better marriage, and he abandoned his third wife and only son to the dubious mercy
of Guy de Lusignan. To be sure, he nominally left his wife and son in the care
of his younger brother Balian, but this was legally dubious. A vassal who
refuses homage forfeits his fief to his overlord, in this case to none other
than Guy de Lusignan. It is a forgotten measure of Lusignan’s chivalry (or his
intelligent appreciation of how precarious his situation was) that he took no
action to seize Ramla and Mirabel from Balian d’Ibelin, but instead allowed him
to control both until Hattin obliterated all the baronies of the kingdom. Baldwin, meanwhile, had earned the obscurity to which his pride had condemned him.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""></a> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;">[1]<span lang="EN-US"> For the dates of birth of Baldwin and Balian, I have followed Hans
Eberhard Mayer’s essay ‘Carving up Crusaders: The Early Ibelins and Ramlas’, in
Hans Eberhard Mayer, <i>Kings and Lords in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>
(Farnham: Ashgate, 1994), XV, 101-118.</span></span></span></p></div><div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;">[2] <span lang="EN-US">Arab sources allege that, in this same year, Baldwin (a child of
eleven) was responsible for oppressing Muslim tenants in villages near Nablus,
causing forty families to emigrate to Muslim-held Syria. Since Baldwin was
neither of age nor ever in possession of the lordship of Nablus, this account
is<span> </span>confused. The Lord of Nablus in this
period was Philip of Nablus, later, Master of the Templars. Nablus did not pass
to the Ibelins until 1177 when it was part of Maria Comnena’s dower. From
1177-1187, it was held by Balian, never by Baldwin d’Ibelin. The ‘oppression’
allegedly consisted of forcing Muslims to work on Friday. Many Muslim villagers
refused to emigrate, showing that hostility to the Christian lord was by no
means as great or widespread as the emigrants later alleged. </span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn3">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;" title=""></a><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;"><span lang="EN-US">[3]</span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;"><span lang="EN-US"> Michael Ehrlich, ‘Saint Catherine’s Day Miracle — the Battle of
Montgisard’, <i>Journal of Medieval Military History</i>, Vol. XI (Woodbridge:
Boydell Press, 2013): 105.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;">[4] <span lang="EN-US">Peter Edbury, <i>John of Ibelin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>
(Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1997), 12.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p> <br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. Baldwin of Ramla is a major character in <i>Balian d'Ibelin, </i>and <i>Defender of Jerusalem. </i></span></span></p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">For more about the Ibelins and the world they lived in read:</span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-50298191025739226522023-09-27T02:30:00.049-07:002023-09-27T02:30:00.148-07:00The House of Ibelin: Hugh I<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: Righteous;"> <span lang="EN-US">The first Ibelin, Barisan, left
behind three sons, Hugh, Baldwin and Balian. This second generation of Ibelins
were renowned fighting men, praised by William of Tyre as “noble men, valiant
in arms and vigilant in every respect.”<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>
Each contributed to the rise of the family in significant ways. Today I discuss the eldest son, Hugh.</span></span></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: Righteous;"></span></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc0YeLTABhJBKZTBCirRjNdEsDqSJ8gEnw5C0BAseA12C7SnMcqi2S1h5bfi0rn2TbXooBdl7d8UoWKFw03apDdnZafBCnDNPPP6YCgaxUL1FSgXCdL4vk_0e-5Lo97Gbua-qqJUPLcnKwxEeyuAHSIg0sTp_fp_Ia_yc3dmoGajeNDstXiDjcTIpBEqBS/s444/Enfeoffment%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="444" data-original-width="376" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc0YeLTABhJBKZTBCirRjNdEsDqSJ8gEnw5C0BAseA12C7SnMcqi2S1h5bfi0rn2TbXooBdl7d8UoWKFw03apDdnZafBCnDNPPP6YCgaxUL1FSgXCdL4vk_0e-5Lo97Gbua-qqJUPLcnKwxEeyuAHSIg0sTp_fp_Ia_yc3dmoGajeNDstXiDjcTIpBEqBS/s320/Enfeoffment%202.jpg" width="271" /></a></b></div><b><span lang="EN-US"></span></b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></b></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Historians
conventionally assume that all three were the sons of Helvis of Ramla because
no other wife was mentioned in the historical record. However, Hugh immediately
came into his inheritance in 1150. Since the laws of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
designated 15 years as the age of majority, and a boy under that age required a
guardian/regent, Hugh must have been at least 15 in 1150, something not
physically possible if he were a child of a marriage concluded in 1138.
Furthermore, Hugh played a leading role in the siege of Ascalon three years
later, again something he could not have done as an unknighted 14-year-old
minor. William of Tyre describes the host that gathered for an assault on
Ascalon as follows:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Among
the lay princes present were: Hugh d’Ibelin, Philip of Nablus, Humphrey of
Toron, Simon of Tiberias, Gerard of Sidon, Guy of Beirut, Maurice of Montreal,
Renaud de Châtillon and Walter of St. Omer. These last two served the king for
pay.<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">The
prominence Tyre gives to Hugh in 1153 strongly suggests that Hugh was not only
a grown man but one who had by 1153 already acquired a considerable reputation
at arms.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">It is also
notable that Hugh only very briefly styled himself Lord of Ramla. This was in
the period between Helvis of Ramla’s death in 1158 and the year when his
younger brother Baldwin came of age at 15 in 1160. This is consistent with Hugh
being the guardian of his brother after Helvis of Ramla’s death (and hence lord
of Ramla for his<i> </i>brother) but not entitled to hold the title after his
brother came of age. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">In short,
Hugh was evidently the child of an earlier, unrecorded marriage -- and recent genealogical research suggests she was a native Christian woman resident in Outremer. That Barisan, himself
of non-noble birth, would have married a local woman before his elevation into
the feudal class is consistent with the pattern of most non-noble settlers in the Holy Land. It
would explain why this woman is ignored in later sources when the House of
Ibelin was jealous of its status and careful to avoid mentioning anything that
might detract from its prestige. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">In 1157, Hugh
had the misfortune to be one of the ‘prominent men’ taken captive in an ambush
laid by Nur al-Din at Jacob’s Ford. King Baldwin III was returning from
relieving and fortifying Banyas. Taken completely by surprise, the king barely
escaped capture, while Hugh d’Ibelin, along with the Templar master Bertrand of
Blancfort and the Templar marshal (and later master) Odo of Saint-Amand, were
taken prisoner. Altogether, some eighty-seven Templars and three-hundred
secular knights were killed or captured in this ambush. Nur al-Din paraded his
trophies — the heads of the killed Franks and his prisoners roped together —
through the streets of Damascus before cheering crowds.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Hugh’s
captivity came at a pivotal moment in his life. Only shortly before, he had
become betrothed to a young woman from the highest echelons of Frankish
society, the daughter of Count Joscelyn II of Edessa. At the time of the
betrothal, however, the Count of Edessa was in a Saracen dungeon after losing
most of his county. Agnes was virtually penniless and already a widow. In
short, the marriage brought Hugh no material gain. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Fortunately,
his stepmother Helvis of Ramla died in 1158. Hugh, at last, became the guardian
of his younger brother Baldwin, the heir to Ramla. He therefore temporarily
controlled the income of his brother’s barony of Ramla and Mirabel and could
use it to contribute to his ransom. Even so, Hugh was unable to raise his
ransom without help. In 1159 he was in Antioch where he met with the Byzantine
emperor to thank him for ransom payments, and in 1160 Hugh made a grant to the
canons of the Holy Sepulchre in gratitude for their contributions as well. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Meanwhile, Agnes de Courtenay had married his
overlord, the Count of Jaffa, Prince Amalric of Jerusalem. At least one account
claims that Aimery took Agnes ‘by force’. However, there is no indication of
animosity between Hugh and Amalric after Hugh’s release from captivity.
Ostensibly Hugh viewed royal contributions to his ransom as more important than
Agnes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">In February
1163, King Baldwin III died unexpectedly. Since his young Byzantine queen had
not yet produced an heir, his younger brother Amalric, Count of Jaffa, was the
heir apparent. However, the High Court of Jerusalem refused to recognise
Amalric as king unless he first set Agnes of Courtney aside. The reason given
was that Agnes and Amalric were related within the prohibited degrees, but such
an obstacle could easily have been overcome with a papal dispensation. The real
reason may have been that the barons of Jerusalem feared Agnes would use her
influence to reward her penniless relatives or that her reputation was so
sullied she was deemed unsuitable to wear the crown of Jerusalem. Another
explanation is that the Church, which viewed a betrothal as sacrosanct,
considered Agnes’ marriage to Amalric bigamous. This explanation is suggested
in the ‘Lignages d’Outremer’, which claims that no sooner had Agnes been set
aside,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>she went to Hugh and announced
she was his wife. Hugh took Agnes back, but the marriage remained
childless.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">In 1167, Hugh
played a prominent role in Amalric’s invasion of Egypt. William of Tyre
mentions that Hugh was entrusted with constructing a bridge over the Nile and
tasked with protecting Cairo. Later in the same campaign, Hugh led an attack on
Bilbais, which was under siege. During this engagement his horse fell in the
fosse, breaking its neck and Hugh’s leg. According to Ibelin family legend,
Hugh’s life was saved by Philip of Nablus, who came to his aid at the risk of
his life.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"> <a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a></span> Perhaps
it was due to this event that Hugh undertook a pilgrimage to Santiago de
Compostela in 1169. Thereafter, he disappears from charters and chronicles and
is presumed to have died either on pilgrimage or shortly after returning. By
1171, his younger brother Baldwin was styling himself Lord of Ibelin as well as
Lord of Ramla. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">William of
Tyre consistently praised Hugh d’Ibelin as a man of courage, vigor and
diligence. It was probably these attributes that enabled him to marry into the
highest rank of Frankish society. While the union appears to have brought Hugh
little, it greatly benefitted his younger brothers. Through Hugh’s marriage,
the younger Ibelin brothers became uncles of the king’s only son, the future
king, Baldwin IV. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"> </span></p><div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;">[1]<a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"> William Archbishop of Tyre, <i>A History of Deeds Done Beyond the
Sea, </i>Trans. Emily Atwater Babcock (New York: Octagon Books, 1976), 131.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;"><span lang="EN-US">[2] Tyre, 218 <br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;"><span lang="EN-US">[3] Malcolm Barber, ‘The Career of Philip of Nablus in the Kingdom of
Jerusalem’, in <i>The Experience of Crusading: Defining the Crusader Kingdom</i>,
eds. Peter Edbury and Jonathan Phillips (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2003), 61.</span><span lang="EN-US"> <br /></span></span></span></p>
</div>
</div><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. </span></span></p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">For more about the Ibelins and the world they lived in read:</span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-22804348982042412512023-09-20T02:30:00.037-07:002023-09-20T05:59:58.489-07:00The House of Ibelin: Obscure Origins<p style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;">In the
fourteenth century, the Ibelins claimed to be descendants of the Counts of
Chartres, but the claim is patently concocted, and modern historians have been
puzzling over the roots of the family ever since. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2X-1fA4BS7nN3fKGZcqqz2-CndirWTjIgvOjXejrjU73DhdEPe6d44_99yAUlhQIF6ggc8oVQ1DHeUhXSUCK_p6xeaYVbm9k355WEjh6lIKcxFbG1Y3LZAFaO5YbzZ2OtbhxS8B9bVeJtkQHAG25hkMIgGT71S-xng24i-n-hKyxqtvKpJApGym0Zg-uF/s650/Tree%20of%20Affinity%20Fitzwilliam%20Museum%20MS262.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="650" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2X-1fA4BS7nN3fKGZcqqz2-CndirWTjIgvOjXejrjU73DhdEPe6d44_99yAUlhQIF6ggc8oVQ1DHeUhXSUCK_p6xeaYVbm9k355WEjh6lIKcxFbG1Y3LZAFaO5YbzZ2OtbhxS8B9bVeJtkQHAG25hkMIgGT71S-xng24i-n-hKyxqtvKpJApGym0Zg-uF/s320/Tree%20of%20Affinity%20Fitzwilliam%20Museum%20MS262.jpg" width="320" /></a></p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Sir Steven
Runciman believed the house of Ibelin ‘was founded by the younger brother of a
certain Guelin, who was deputy viscount of Chartres, that is to say, the Count
of Blois’ representative in Chartres’. He noted that ‘such officers in those
days did not enjoy hereditary rank but were often drawn from lawyers’
families’.<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>
Peter Edbury, argued that onomastic evidence points to Tuscan or Ligurian
(i.e. Italian) origins instead. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Recent
genealogical research and DNA samples reinforce Edbury’s thesis, while
suggesting further that the Ibelins descended from Italian merchants who immigrated
to the Holy Land prior to the First Crusade. There are indications that,
although Latin Christians, they had already established themselves in positions
of economic and social power under the Abbasids and possibly played a role in
aiding the first crusaders take Jaffa and Jerusalem. Such a thesis is hugely
exciting and would explain a number of mysteries and anomalies. However, until
the results of preliminary research have been published this thesis remains speculative.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Whatever his
place of origin, and whatever he called himself before coming to the Holy Land,
the first man to identify himself as an ‘Ibelin’ was a certain Barisan. His
date of birth is unknown, as is the date he arrived in the Holy Land. The fact
that he does not appear to have taken part in the First Crusade, gives credence
to thesis noted above that he one of the small minority of Latin Christians already resident in the
Levant prior to the First Crusade. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What is certain is that by 1115
he was ‘Constable of Jaffa’, a significant position, suggesting
he had made a name for himself and earned the trust of the king. Since such
positions did not go to youths unless they were of high birth, we can assume
that Barisan was a mature man by that time.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">In 1134, he
prominently refused to side with his rebellious lord, Hugh of Puiset, Count of
Jaffa, siding with the crown, and it may have been for this loyalty that Barisan was rewarded by the king with a fief
almost a decade later. In about 1142, the new castle and lordship of Ibelin
south of Jaffa was bestowed on Barisan. Notably, he became a vassal of the new
Count of Jaffa rather than a tenant-in-chief. Through hard work and loyal
service, Barisan had reached the lowest rung of the feudal elite, but he was
not yet a baron.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Meanwhile, in
1138, he had married a certain Helvis (or Heloise), daughter of Baldwin of
Ramla, one of the barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. At the time of this
marriage, Helvis was not the heiress; she had a younger brother, Renier. So,
this marriage was between a man not yet raised to the nobility and the daughter
of a nobleman. It was a good marriage but not a spectacular one. The situation
changed, however, when Renier of Ramla died childless in 1148. Suddenly, Helvis
was the heiress of the prestigious and prosperous barony of Ramla and Mirabel.
(Despite the two names, this was a single barony.) Through sheer luck, a good
marriage had turned into a spectacular one. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Barisan had
little time to enjoy his increased status. He died in 1150, probably peacefully
in his bed of old age; he was most likely more than 60 years old and could
easily have been 70 or older at the time of his death.</span></p>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed; font-size: x-small;">Sir Steven Runciman, ‘The Families of Outremer: The Feudal Nobility
of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291’, <i>The Creighton Lecture in
History 1959</i> (London: University of London Press, 1960), 7.</span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. </span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><br /><br /><br />Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-52437751817529802602023-09-13T02:30:00.031-07:002023-09-20T05:59:47.825-07:00The Ibelins: An Archetypical Frankish Family<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> Today I start a series on the history of the Ibelin Family -- arguably the most powerful and most charismatic of all the "Frankish" families. Certainly their influence pre-dated and out-lasted that of the Lusignans.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO7IpqrGAIPDsF3pYvSIlUQZQMYohFYGm1KCv7WbeQNxV5RiqDGAxM58mp4Mm08huogOyQ6u2bGL1rc0Id9SPj7ypbazaa9Lc23GcZtlOD31ks6_sUfbNl_QUXKJI9pt1vwvl2VrIUHvM--ZktDR2w7cphC0ds7vCa0Dw-RFFapPeAP-So4UuMo4RNDdGq/s994/Ibelin%20Arms-ed.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="994" data-original-width="900" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO7IpqrGAIPDsF3pYvSIlUQZQMYohFYGm1KCv7WbeQNxV5RiqDGAxM58mp4Mm08huogOyQ6u2bGL1rc0Id9SPj7ypbazaa9Lc23GcZtlOD31ks6_sUfbNl_QUXKJI9pt1vwvl2VrIUHvM--ZktDR2w7cphC0ds7vCa0Dw-RFFapPeAP-So4UuMo4RNDdGq/w181-h200/Ibelin%20Arms-ed.png" width="181" /></a></div> <p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
text-align:justify;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
text-indent:.5in;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;
mso-ligatures:standardcontextual;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin; font-size: 12pt;">The Ibelin family was one
of the most powerful noble families in the crusader states. Sons of the House
of Ibelin were at various times Lords of Ibelin, Ramla and Mirabel, Nablus,
Caymont, Beirut, Arsur, and Counts of Jaffa and Ascalon, the last, a
traditionally royal domain and title of the heirs to the throne. Ibelins
married into the royal families of Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch, Cyprus
and Armenia. An Ibelin daughter founded the Cypriot royal family, and three
other Ibelin women were queens of Cyprus. Ibelins were repeatedly regents, constables,
marshals and seneschals of both Jerusalem and Cyprus. The Ibelins also led a
successful revolt against the Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich II. </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin; font-size: 12pt;">Yet the Ibelins were not
mere politicians. They were respected scholars. One translated Arab poetry into
French; another wrote a legal treatise that is not only a goldmine of
information about the laws of the crusader kingdoms but admired for its
elegance of style and the sophistication of its analysis. The Ibelins
built at least one magnificent palace, whose mosaics, fountains, gardens and
polychrome marble inspired the admiration of contemporaries. Their display of
wealth and panache during the Seventh Crusade awed the nobility of France.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin; font-size: 12pt;">Yet while the Ibelins were
undoubtedly exceptionally successful, they were also in many ways typical. They
embodied the overall experience, characteristics and ethos of the Franks in the
Holy Land. They came from obscure, probably non-noble origins, and the
dynasty’s founder can be classed as an ‘adventurer’ and ‘crusader’. They
rapidly put down roots in the Near East, intermarrying with native Christian
and Byzantine elites. They were hardened and cunning fighting men able to
deploy arms and tactics unknown to the West and intellectuals who could win
wars with words in the courts. They were multilingual, cosmopolitan and
luxury-loving, as comfortable in baths as in battles. Perhaps most importantly,
they worked closely with turcopoles and sergeants and forged alliances with the
merchant communities, reflecting the Latin East’s tolerant and fluid social
structures. Finally, like the crusader states themselves, they disappeared from
history when the last crusader kingdom fell to the greed of the Italian
commercial city-states. In short, the story of the Ibelins is a microcosm of the
crusader states, and I will be telling their story over the next weeks.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"></p>
<p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. </span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-23062399916902079392023-09-06T07:50:00.001-07:002023-09-20T05:59:34.558-07:00Life in the Crusader States: Frankish Cuisine<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;"> <strong><span lang="EN-US">Straddling
the trade routes from several cultures, residents of crusader states were
exposed to and cultivated a range of culinary traditions. The crusader kingdoms
inherited the cuisine of earlier Mediterranean civilizations, including
invaders from the Arabian Peninsula and the Near Eastern steppes, but they also
enjoyed the cooking traditions brought to Outremer by Latin settlers of
Northern and Western Europe. These traditions coexisted and probably influenced
one another, yet we can no longer recreate the cuisine itself. Nevertheless,
much can be surmised based on the ingredients available to the cooks of
Outremer.</span></strong></span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiba3PBnl4HNeXHAwuO7VH_EMpnCIKMdYa13FCW62hQKmnjq49Jj8OzUET0qma6b4T5Lxp34iVfl9ZmQc54CxJMwya7wklpbSUwSzZSlezdPEyUwBHefBawu0uqY-N2tPFDPowB-8LM2hxYL6zkWWItF1yL5rv2iU4XmxRNq3_sE6fF-jleKqmNiREBiFn/s378/Ethiopian%20Spices.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="252" data-original-width="378" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiba3PBnl4HNeXHAwuO7VH_EMpnCIKMdYa13FCW62hQKmnjq49Jj8OzUET0qma6b4T5Lxp34iVfl9ZmQc54CxJMwya7wklpbSUwSzZSlezdPEyUwBHefBawu0uqY-N2tPFDPowB-8LM2hxYL6zkWWItF1yL5rv2iU4XmxRNq3_sE6fF-jleKqmNiREBiFn/s320/Ethiopian%20Spices.jpg" width="320" /></a></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
text-indent:.5in;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;
mso-ligatures:standardcontextual;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</p><p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Before
looking more closely at the content of crusader cooking, however, it is worth
noting that the crusader states were arguably the inventors of fast food. The
large number of pilgrims flooding the Holy City produced a plethora of cheap
inns and hostels, places where pilgrims could bed down for the night. But
affordable places to sleep, then as now, did not offer meals, so pilgrims had
to eat elsewhere. A general shortage of firewood meant that not only was bread
baked centrally in large ovens, usually co-located with flour mills, but that ‘cook
shops’ producing large quantities of food over a single large oven were more
practical than everyone cooking for themselves. The result was the medieval
equivalent of modern ‘food courts’ ― streets or markets where various shops
offered pre-prepared food. The results were probably not all that different
from today; the area in Jerusalem where cook shops were concentrated was known
as the ’Market of Bad Cooking’ ― the ‘Malquisinat’.</span></p><p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Turning
to the ingredients available, the medieval diet’s staple was bread derived from
grain, and this was true in the Holy Land no less than in England. Milling was
a prerogative of the feudal elite, and bakeries were generally co-located with
mills in rural areas near the manor and in urban areas well-distributed around
the city for convenience. The primary grains popular in the Holy Land were
wheat and barley, but millet and rice were also known. Rice would have been
consumed directly rather than converted into bread by the native population
that retained Arab and Turkish eating habits. </span></p><p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Animal
products were the second pillar of the medieval diet, highly valued, and fully
exploited from the meat to the innards. Of the large, domesticated animals,
sheep and goats were the most common type of livestock in the region, and the
Hospitallers recommended lamb and kid for patients in their hospitals.
Jerusalem, however, also had cattle and pig markets. While camel meat is
considered a delicacy in much of the Middle East, the camels of Outremer were
used primarily as beasts of burden.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Of
the smaller animals, poultry and fish belonged to the Frankish diet, the latter
being particularly important during ‘fasting days’, when meat was prohibited,
e.g., throughout Advent and Lent and on certain days of the week. In the Second
Kingdom, when the population of Outremer was clustered along the coastline,
fish from the Mediterranean represented an important component of the diet.
This enriched Frankish cuisine with elements virtually unknown in most of
continental Europe, such as squid and octopus.</span></p><p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Game
was available in the First Kingdom and Cyprus, including gazelles, boars, roe
deer, hares, partridge and quail. However, in the Second Kingdom, territorial
losses resulted in much greater population density, which restricted habitat
for game, and it all but disappeared from the tables of the elite in the
mainland states. Cyprus, on the other hand, was still home to much wildlife
(including lions), and the Cypriot feudal aristocracy was (in)famous for its
large kennels and addiction to the hunt. </span></p><p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Animal
products, such as milk, butter, yogurt, and cheese, were consumed in large
quantities in the Holy Land in the era of the crusades. Cheese was particularly
important because of its comparatively long shelf life and was produced from
cattle, sheep, goat and camel milk. Yogurt, a product used heavily in the
Middle Eastern diet, would have been known to the Franks, but we cannot measure
how readily it was embraced in Frankish cuisine.</span></p><p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Vegetable
varieties were limited by modern standards. Legumes were the primary vegetables
of the Middle Ages. In the crusader states, the most important vegetables were
beans, including broad beans, lentils, peas and chickpeas, as well as cabbage
and onions. Fresh cucumbers and melons were native to the Levant and also
formed part of the Frankish diet.</span></p><p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Fruits
were a key component of Frankish cuisine, and here again, the residents of
Outremer had ready access to fruits, such as oranges and lemons, that were
considered luxuries in the West. Along with typical and familiar fruits from
the West such as apples, pears, plums and cherries, the residents of the
crusader states cultivated pomegranates (particularly around Ibelin and Jaffa),
figs, dates, carobs and bananas. Arguably the most indispensable of all fruits
were grapes, which were eaten fresh and dried (raisins and currants) and (of
course, were) fermented as wine. </span></p><p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Other
trees that yielded significant dietary supplements were almonds, pistachios,
hazelnuts and, the most essential of all, olives. Olive oil was and is
fundamental to Middle Eastern cuisine. It is the primary source of cooking oil,
used both as a means of cooking and a supplement for consistency and taste.</span></p><p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Finally,
some of the most valuable dietary ‘additives’ that make such a difference to
the taste of food — honey, sugar, herbs and spices ― were readily available at
affordable prices in the crusader states. A variety of herbs such as rosemary,
thyme and oregano grew in abundance. Likewise, many spices only available at
exorbinantly high prices in Europe passed through the ports of Outremer. The
coastal cities and Jerusalem had spice markets in which these exotic,
high-value products were available in quantities and at prices unimaginable in
the West. Frankish cuisine was likely greatly enriched by the widespread use of
cinnamon, cumin, nutmeg, cloves, saffron and black pepper, among others.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">Given
the ingredients the cooks of Outremer had to work with and the inspiration they
could draw from their Greek, Arab and Turkish neighbours, Frankish cuisine as a
whole ― despite the presence of some mediocre fast-food joints on the Street of
Bad Cooking ― was most likely unique and delectable.</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></b></span></p><p></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This description and other aspects of life in the Crusader states can be found in:</span><br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. </span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-73748871229373622212023-08-30T02:30:00.038-07:002023-09-20T05:59:05.620-07:00Life in the Crusader States: Frankish Fashion<p style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;">In medieval times the residents of Outremer -- the land beyond the seas or what was also known as the Holy Land -- had a reputation for "scandalous" clothes. The expressed shock of some visitors to the crusader states has misled subsequent generations into fantasizing about oriental dress and Hollywood naturally adopted this exotic, but unfounded, image. The reality looked different.<br /><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHaO-_JJehCHjm9NEDTu1nF1i0xnQnwzN5GYPxZLvFHPWSS0gqEKSDOSjETvfdtz-TrBebhP21P-bKLR-u3q9U7dcW9m8-t0hZYDpq91sHo7ReutddWI7ZhiGwEro0tEfEHuQNHZutTscp375FrAACWkEPFQZD81D1mNrWb0kAfH5eHvhVw3hIcRKvUka9/s254/Sibylla%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="166" data-original-width="254" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHaO-_JJehCHjm9NEDTu1nF1i0xnQnwzN5GYPxZLvFHPWSS0gqEKSDOSjETvfdtz-TrBebhP21P-bKLR-u3q9U7dcW9m8-t0hZYDpq91sHo7ReutddWI7ZhiGwEro0tEfEHuQNHZutTscp375FrAACWkEPFQZD81D1mNrWb0kAfH5eHvhVw3hIcRKvUka9/s1600/Sibylla%202.jpg" width="254" /></a><br /></p><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
text-indent:.5in;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;
mso-ligatures:standardcontextual;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; font-size: 11pt;">The transient
nature of clothing inhibits our ability to know precisely what the residents of
Outremer wore. Textile and garment fragments, illustrations, and descriptions
in contemporary chronicles are our only primary sources to reconstruct Frankish
fashion. Broadly speaking, church and military dress was widely standardised.
Although military dress underwent significant changes in the 200 years between
1099 and 1291, this evolution of arms, armour and tack was not unique to the
Latin East. Despite minor local variations, <span style="color: black;">major
innovations that provided substantial advantages in offense or defence were
rapidly adopted across Western Christendom by the ruling military elite that
proved remarkably mobile and cosmopolitan. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; font-size: 11pt;">However, one
of the innovations in the military dress widely adopted throughout Europe
originated in the East. This was the ‘surcoat’, a cloth garment worn over
armour. Because the intense sun of the Middle East made chainmail dangerously
hot, the early crusaders rapidly learned to keep it comparatively cool by
covering it with a thin, loose and flowing cloth, as the Arabs did. With the
surcoat came the opportunity to wear bright colours and distinguishing devices
or ‘arms’. Hence, the evolution of heraldry goes hand-in-hand with the
emergence of the surcoat as an integral part of a knight’s battle dress. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; font-size: 11pt;">Off the
battlefield, the Franks may have been tempted to adopt some of the clothing
customs of native inhabitants. However, there is little evidence to support
this as depictions of barons and knights in manuscripts, sculptures, and on
seals consistently show men of the military elite in military regalia, while
bishops and priests look just like their counterparts in the West. The one
exception is the rulers of the Latin East, who are frequently portrayed in
Byzantine attire. Certainly, the Latin emperors of Constantinople affected
‘Eastern’ dress (meaning Byzantine, not Arab) in the early part of the
thirteenth century.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; font-size: 11pt;">Nevertheless,
we have some tantalizing documentary evidence that, off the battlefield,
Outremer’s feudal elite developed some distinctive fashions. For example,
during the Third Crusade, a commentator from the West noted:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; font-size: 11pt;">The sleeves of
their garments were fastened with gold chains, and they wantonly exposed their
waists, which were confined with embroidered belts, and they kept back with
their arms their cloaks, which were fastened so that not a wrinkle should be seen
in their garments … and round their necks were collars glittering with jewels.<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; font-size: 11pt;">In short, the
Franks of Outremer had adopted or developed some fashions that looked strange —
even wanton — to visitors from Western Europe. Based on their practice in other
fields from architecture to miniatures, the Frankish knights and nobles
probably developed their own hybrid style.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; font-size: 11pt;">The women of
Outremer are represented less frequently in art and when shown are always in
conventional Western garb. Contrary to popular fiction and film, we know that
they did not<i> </i>adopt the Muslim custom of going about veiled. James of
Vitry (Bishop of Acre 1216-1228) describes with disgust the fact that Syrian
Christians still ‘obliged’ their daughters (though notably not their wives) to
go completely veiled, so they were unrecognizable. Other Christian women, most
especially Vitry’s flock of Latin Christians, clearly did <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">not</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b>hide
under veils.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; font-size: 11pt;">In addition,
Muslim sources rave about (or condemn) the Frankish women for their
seductiveness — something not possible if they were hidden behind the same,
opaque black garments as their Muslim counterparts, which obscured face and
figure. The poet Ibn al-Qaysarani, for example, was so enraptured by Frankish
women that he wrote ‘effusive poems’ praising their — very visible — beauty.<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibn Jubayr likewise gives evidence that Frankish women went unveiled in his
detailed description of a bride and her maids-in-waiting, concluding with the
remark: ‘God protect us from the seduction of the sight’.<a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; font-size: 11pt;">That said, it
would not be surprising if Frankish women did not adopt some means of
protecting their skin from the ravages of the Middle Eastern sun. One of the
illuminated copies of William of Tyre’s ‘Deeds Done Beyond the Seas’, includes
a picture of Queen Melisende wearing a broad-brimmed sun hat — not standard
attire in Paris or London. It is also conceivable that transparent veils might
have been worn when outdoors. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; font-size: 11pt;">While the
style of clothing worn by Frankish women may not have differed much from the
latest fashion in London, Paris and Pisa, the materials used could have made a
significant difference to the effect of those clothes. The same cut of a
chemise or tunic, the same style of mantle or cloak will fall, fold, billow and
sway differently, depending on its fabric. Many of the textiles of Outremer
were sheer, translucent or semi-transparent. Depending on how such materials
were used, they could have created enticing (or in the eye of clerics and
conservatives, vulgar and immodest) garments, all without deviating from
Western fashion.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; font-size: 11pt;">Likewise, a
gown that is simple in cut and form can be transformed by silk brocade or a
weft of gold into something — depending on your ideology — stunning and
luxurious or self-indulgent and extravagant. Archaeologists have uncovered
thousands of fabric fragments dating to the crusader era. They include silk,
cotton, linen, felt, wool, and cloth woven from goat and camel hair. There were
also several hybrid fabrics composed of a warp from one kind of yarn and weft
from another, such as silk woven with wool, linen or cotton.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; font-size: 11pt;">Certainly,
some of the finest cloth known to the medieval world originated in the Near
East. Familiar words, like damask, gauze and muslin, derive their names from
the cities that first produced them in export quantities, namely Damascus, Gaza
and Mosul, respectively. Cloth of gold was known in this period as siqlatin, a
term that derives from silk-Latin or Latin silk, an indication that this
extravagantly expensive and beautiful material was particularly popular with
Outremer’s Latin elites.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; font-size: 11pt;">Almost as
important as the cloth from which clothes were made were the dyes used to
colour them. Here again, the crusader states sat near the source of many
materials coveted for dying. Saffron, turmeric and indigo ― not to mention the
murex snails needed for vivid scarlet and rich purple dye ― were more readily
available and cheaper in the crusader states than Western Europe. This makes it
probable they were used more widely and generously in Outremer, producing much
brighter hues than were common in the West.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; font-size: 11pt;">Finally,
decoration contributes to fashion. In the crusader era, weaving with different
coloured threads, block printing and embroidery were all popular forms of
decoration. Silk brocade and stitching with spun gold were particularly
expensive and coveted forms of textile ornamentation known to have been
exported from, if not produced in, the crusader states. The late
nineteenth-century historian Claude Reigner Conder claims the Latin ladies wore
‘long-trained dresses with long, wide sleeves’ (no different from the ladies of
the French or Angevin courts in this period), but (perhaps more unusual) they
were ‘decked in samite and cloth of gold, with pearls and precious stones’ —
something that sounds distinctly Byzantine. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; font-size: 11pt;">It was
probably the combination of fine fabric and vivid shades of dye with
decorations of gold and bejeweled embroidery that made the clothing of
Outremer’s Latin elites seem exotic to visitors from the West. Crusaders often
commented that the lords of Outremer were wealthy and luxury-loving. Part of
that reputation undoubtedly originated in the apparent extravagance of dress
that came from being able to afford for everyday use textiles that were saved
for special occasions in the West. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; font-size: 11pt;">In
conclusion, while</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; font-size: 11pt;">
fashion in crusader states was set more in Paris and Constantinople than
Damascus and Cairo. Yet the use of sheer fabrics, bright colors, and expensive and
elaborate decoration made it seem more exotic — not to say scandalous — to many
a Western observer.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Jeoffrey de Vinsauf quoted in Claude Reignier Conder, <i>The Latin Kingdom of
Jerusalem, 1099 – 1291</i> (London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration
Fund, 1897, reproduced by Elibront Classics, 2005), 178.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Niall Christie, <i>Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity’s Wars in the Middle
East, 1095-1382, from The Islamic Sources</i> (London: Routledge, 2014), 83.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Ibn Jubayr, <i>The Travels of Ibn Jubayr</i>, trans. R.J.C. Broadhurst (London:
Jonathan Cape, 1952), reprinted in S.J. Allen and Emilie Amt, <i>The Crusades:
A Reader</i> (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014), 106-107.</span></p>
</div>
</div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Cabin;">This text was first published in </span><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
text-indent:.5in;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;
mso-ligatures:standardcontextual;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]--><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: 12pt;">Helena
P. Schrader, ‘The Scandalous Frankish Fashions: Outfitting Outremer’, <i>The
Medieval Magazine</i>, Issue 124: 83-89. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It is also integrated into D</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">r </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states.</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. </span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-61169051650744894742023-08-22T03:43:00.001-07:002023-08-22T03:43:35.651-07:00Life in the Crusader States: Medical Care<div style="text-align: center;"><blockquote><p> <span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;">For all their other significant contributions to social welfare, it was with respect to medical care that the Hospitallers made the greatest impact not just on the Holy Land but on all of Western Europe. <br /></span></p></blockquote></div><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJDOtEumQuAJZXzdCvAN3Fb3mO-AZBKSNYUoQ0C5e6GR25Ol-H66bmDNwR3Mml8D6W9WMyotkl7-Qosew9j1AsA85-AEHvra9l-2QmGHn3YnMl5KVg0maJL_RRVy697ZWzwU-gaYJSqUmW1Y7-Unqx7U0HM2qL3EtP06gXbnQhUV5DBCWIyvsyitaqwCaf/s288/Hospital2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="171" data-original-width="288" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJDOtEumQuAJZXzdCvAN3Fb3mO-AZBKSNYUoQ0C5e6GR25Ol-H66bmDNwR3Mml8D6W9WMyotkl7-Qosew9j1AsA85-AEHvra9l-2QmGHn3YnMl5KVg0maJL_RRVy697ZWzwU-gaYJSqUmW1Y7-Unqx7U0HM2qL3EtP06gXbnQhUV5DBCWIyvsyitaqwCaf/s1600/Hospital2.jpg" width="288" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US">It is
important to recall that </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">prior to the First Crusade Western
Europe did not have a network of hospitals where acutely ill patients received professional
medical treatment. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">There were, of course,
infirmaries in religious houses for the care of ailing members of the
community, but they were not established for the benefit of, nor available to,
the general public. Furthermore, the infirmarer (the person in charge of an
infirmary in a medieval monastery) and his assistants were first and foremost
monks and nuns, rather than trained doctors and nurses. There were also
almshouses for the infirm and ageing, hospices for the dying, and various
charitable institutions to look after the chronically and incurably ill, such
as lepers, the blind and the seriously disabled. In general, however, if the rich
were sick, they sent for a physician to treat them in their homes; if the poor
got sick, they treated themselves or sought the services of a barber or other
informally-trained medical practitioner. Another feature of eleventh-century
Western medicine was the emphasis on spiritual healing through prayer. While
men and women patients were separated, there was little to no attempt to
separate patients based on the type of illness that afflicted them.<br /></span></span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">The Byzantine tradition was quite
different. Already by the seventh century, most hospitals in the Eastern Roman
Empire were financially independent. They employed paid, professional staff
rather than relying on members of a monastic institution to provide care and
treatment to patients. Most Byzantine hospitals were modest in size, ranging
from ten to a hundred beds. Only the most prestigious hospitals in
Constantinople were larger. These employed multiple physicians and surgeons
(further specialised by the type of surgery performed), pharmacists, attendants
(nurses), instrument sharpeners, priests, cooks and latrine cleaners. The
administration of these institutions was in the hands of the senior medical
staff, and the patients were housed in wards based on gender and medical
condition. Notably, female doctors are recorded working in the women’s wards as
well as female nurses.</span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> </span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Equally important, the medical
staff of Byzantine hospitals were paid only low salaries, and served only for
six months of a year; presumably, they earned the bulk of their income from
private practice in the six months when they did not work in the hospital. This
suggests that Byzantine hospitals, although no longer run by the Church, were
nevertheless viewed as charitable institutions accessible to the poor. While
most junior doctors earned no salary because they were considered apprentices
in their craft, the larger hospitals contained libraries and teaching staff,
making these comparable to modern teaching hospitals. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">In the Muslim world, the concept
of an institution dedicated to healing the sick appears to have been adopted
after contact with the Eastern Roman Empire, i.e., following the conquest of
Syria and the Levant. It soon became a matter of prestige, however, for Muslim
rulers to establish and endow hospitals. By the twelfth century, most major
cities in the Middle East boasted at least one, if not more, hospitals. The
staff of these hospitals was all paid medical professionals and could be drawn
from any faith — Muslim, Christian or Jewish. Although nursing staff in the
women’s wards were female, doctors were invariably male. The famous Adudi
hospital in Baghdad (and presumably other hospitals) was also a training
institution with a library and a staff that wrote medical texts. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">The administration of most
hospitals in the Muslim world was in the hands of a bureaucrat appointed by the
ruler. In short, even in the age of the crusades, these hospitals were ‘public’
in the sense of being state-run. The salaries were small, and again, the
doctors worked only half of the time (half-days rather than alternating
months), enabling them to earn ‘real’ money with private patients. Hospitals in
the Dar al-Islam were large, often having several thousand beds. Patients were
separated by sex and condition. Possibly due to the nomadic past of Arab and
Turkish Muslims, the Muslim states were extremely progressive regarding the
establishment of mobile hospitals. These traveled with the Sultan’s armies as
early as 942. Mobile hospitals also provided care to outlying, rural areas. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">The hospitals of the Order of St.
John drew on Byzantine and Muslim traditions while retaining some features of
Western medical care. Unsurprisingly for a religious order, the Hospitallers
maintained the Western emphasis on prayer as a means to recovery. The wards
were usually situated to enable patients to hear Mass being read in an adjacent
chapel or church. Furthermore, patients were expected to confess their sins on
admittance to the hospital because it was believed that sin (and God’s
displeasure) could cause illness. That said, since Muslims and Jews were
treated in the hospitals, we must presume that confession was an option as
opposed to a requirement. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Breaking with Western tradition,
the hospitals run by the Order of St. John employed professionally-trained
doctors and surgeons by the second half of the twelfth century, at the latest.
Jewish doctors were also employed, taking the oath required of doctors on the
‘Jewish book’ rather than the bible. In contrast to both Byzantine and Muslim
practice, the doctors of the Order of St. John were well-paid and worked
full-time in the hospitals. On the other hand, the attendants or caregivers
were predominantly brothers and sisters of the Order of St. John, i.e., monks
and nuns. As such, they had no formal medical training, although they
presumably gained extensive on-the-job training. The male caregivers are listed
as ‘sergeants’ in the order’s records, a comparatively high status. The Rule of
the Order of St. John required the nursing staff (male and female) to serve the
sick ‘with enthusiasm and devotion as if they were their Lords’.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Like the Muslims, the Order of St.
John maintained exceptionally large hospitals in major cities, such as
Jerusalem, Nablus and Acre. The Hospital in Jerusalem had more than 2,000 beds,
for example, and was divided into eleven wards for men and an unknown number of
wards for women. (All contemporary accounts were written by male patients, who
did not have access to the women’s wards.) Patients appear to have been
segregated not only by sex but by type of illness, although this may not have
been possible at smaller institutions in more provincial towns. The larger
hospitals, such as those in Jerusalem, Nablus and Acre, are described as
‘palaces’ by eyewitnesses, who stress they were built to provide adequate room
for patients and personnel to move between beds. Furthermore, they had large
windows that let in fresh air and light. Archaeology has brought to light an
aqueduct apparently leading to the flagship hospital of the Order in Jerusalem.
In addition, no less than five large cisterns provided water, and a
network of drains made it possible to flush out refuse and human waste. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;">Diet formed an essential part of
the treatment in Hospitaller establishments, possibly because so many patients
were pilgrims suffering more from malnutrition than disease. Food poisoning and
various forms of dietary problems were common in this period. Furthermore,
medieval medicine was based on the premise that illness resulted from an
imbalance between the ‘humours’ (e.g., blood and bile), and that proper diet
could restore a healthy ‘balance’. Certain foods, notably lentils, beans and
cheese, were prohibited in the hospitals of St. John, but white bread, meat and
wine were daily fare. Patients also benefitted from the wide variety of fruits
available in the Holy Land: pomegranates, figs, grapes, plums, pears and apples
are all mentioned in Hospitaller records. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">Finally, in
addition to following the Muslim example of mobile field hospitals, the
Hospitallers created the first known ambulance service. The brothers of St.
John combed the streets for those in need of care and carried them back to
their hospitals. Likewise, during a military campaign, the Hospitallers scoured
the battlefields for the injured and brought them to their hospital tents.
Those who needed further care were transported to an urban hospital — even if
the knights of the order had to surrender their warhorses to ensure transport.
It is, therefore, particularly appropriate that one of the most active and
successful successors of the Hospitallers is St. John’s Ambulance corps.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. </span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-25012427142683257952023-08-16T01:33:00.000-07:002023-08-16T01:33:35.480-07:00Life in the Crusader States: The Practice of Social Welfare<p style="text-align: center;"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
text-align:justify;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous; font-size: 12pt;">Although the Hospitallers started as little more
than a hospice, providing care but no cure to those who sought refuge with
them, they rapidly assumed other functions and grew into the leading provider of health and social care in not just the Holy Land but across Western Europe as well. <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTpZMy0b3qa7c-EMVaNJNwqqNEII2v7yC-16qdyYTPmGSkdyrT-FK4f1szlsB_50-nu15HYCli12wUsy5vNwqaXc_HPi0xXrfJqXOgzVSvklJ8eN-6xF34k9CUzUk1eu-E5GGdsPrymFrdRGwh3FnGRCOSbWoG7_nxKVpWWx56NnyYsTKmvMgPcB2s_V1X/s197/Burying%20the%20Dead%20-%20Close%20Up.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="197" data-original-width="180" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTpZMy0b3qa7c-EMVaNJNwqqNEII2v7yC-16qdyYTPmGSkdyrT-FK4f1szlsB_50-nu15HYCli12wUsy5vNwqaXc_HPi0xXrfJqXOgzVSvklJ8eN-6xF34k9CUzUk1eu-E5GGdsPrymFrdRGwh3FnGRCOSbWoG7_nxKVpWWx56NnyYsTKmvMgPcB2s_V1X/w292-h320/Burying%20the%20Dead%20-%20Close%20Up.jpg" width="292" /> </a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US">Early on,
the Hospitallers took responsibility for burying the dead. They started by burying paupers who could not
pay for a funeral. Yet, as their prestige grew, wealthy patrons became keen to pay for
the honour of a Hospitaller burial. </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US">The Hospitallers also provided free meals
for the hungry, functioning as what we would now call a ‘soup kitchen’. They
supplied clothes and shoes to the poor, not just cast-off clothes or donations from patrons, but newly-made garments. </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US">As their network of houses grew to many
thousands across Europe, the Hospitallers soon found themselves obliged (by
their rule) to offer food and lodging to all travellers, rich and poor, on
pilgrimage or not — and often at significant expense to themselves. </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US">In times of
crisis, the Hospital and its imitators carried the burden of dealing with
refugees. After the fall of Edessa, William of Tyre measured the severity of
the crisis by noting that refugees were so numerous, they almost overwhelmed
the ability of the Hospital and other religious houses to cope.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">In addition,
the Hospitallers looked after orphans, a function that was a particular
responsibility of the Sisters of the Hospital. Unwed or impoverished mothers
and the mothers of twins could give their infants to the Hospital, while
abandoned children were likewise brought to the Hospital by whoever found them.
Although the Hospitallers ran some orphanages, most of the children were put in
foster homes. The foster mother received 12 talents a year from the
Hospitallers to cover the child’s costs. The payment was contingent on proper
care, and the Sisters of the Hospital annually checked on each child to ensure
they were properly fed and cared for. If not, the child returned to the
Hospital’s custody until a new foster mother was found. The children raised at
the expense of the Hospital were known as ‘the children of St. John’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On reaching adulthood, they were given the
option of joining the Hospital as members of the Order or embracing ‘the
seductive allurements of the frivolous world’.<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div><p></p><p></p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
text-indent:.5in;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;
mso-ligatures:standardcontextual;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Cabin",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">These various activities required legions of workers, the bulk of whom
were lay associates of whichever religious order furnished services. Only a
small percentage of those providing social services were avowed members of the
Order of St. John or any of the other charitable orders. Most of the lay
workers were charity cases themselves. They were people without steady
employment, jobs or family. They were failed apprentices, runaway serfs and
abandoned wives; they were refugees, beggars and vagabonds. They found work
with the charitable orders, which acted as massive employment agencies,
absorbing and releasing people in response to the demands of the labour
market. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Cabin",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Yet without doubt the Hospitaller's most important function, as their
name implies, was medical care, which I discuss next week. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><br clear="all" />
<hr size="1" style="text-align: left;" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Benjamin Kedar, ‘The Jerusalem Hospital’ in Benjamin Kedar, <i>Franks, Muslims
and Oriental Christians in the Latin Levant</i> (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), X
6. </span></span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. </span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-4918559672898955752023-08-09T02:30:00.035-07:002023-08-09T02:46:58.106-07:00Life in the Crusader States: Social Welfare - The Origins<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
text-indent:.5in;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;
mso-ligatures:standardcontextual;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: "Righteous",serif;">When the First Crusade set
off for Jerusalem at the end of the eleventh century, the provision of social
welfare services was not a public or state function. Care of the sick, insane,
dying, orphans, senile elders, the disabled, the unemployed and the destitute
was viewed as the family’s responsibility. Only when families had failed did
the Church – as a last resort and out of charity – assume responsibility for
those in need. Yet, in the Holy Land in the wake of the crusades this
traditional form of charity came to be increasingly supplemented by
large-scale, organised social welfare. The movement towards institutionalised
church social welfare emanated from Jerusalem, and the change was largely the
as a result of a single institution — and its imitators.</span></p>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;"> </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaZNPuQgSIPPUpViSmNQyanWx1cUogJayEAXXXR5y8bKxP_hout_gWwHexFbpkbbRJiWqMgfwQ4kNfOKKdUwDEoklJW8AQv2_0T7BxXjztbYbDxPZObRgT41M5a8bMf3F3_KF808x1lBH8H06TrRF0sN-J3IfAe6WBM6Yr-1aZDqfnsCJvj99P1QBYcwve/s540/Medieval%20Hospital.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="509" data-original-width="540" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaZNPuQgSIPPUpViSmNQyanWx1cUogJayEAXXXR5y8bKxP_hout_gWwHexFbpkbbRJiWqMgfwQ4kNfOKKdUwDEoklJW8AQv2_0T7BxXjztbYbDxPZObRgT41M5a8bMf3F3_KF808x1lBH8H06TrRF0sN-J3IfAe6WBM6Yr-1aZDqfnsCJvj99P1QBYcwve/s320/Medieval%20Hospital.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
text-align:justify;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">As the site
associated with Christian salvation, Jerusalem inevitably attracted a
disproportionate number of people suffering from hardship or crisis. Year after
year, countless chronically ill, disabled, destitute and homeless, abandoned
and unemployed people undertook a pilgrimage to Jerusalem hoping for a miracle
at best, or death in a holy place at worst. Many others who set out in good
health became ill, injured, exhausted, destitute or abandoned along the arduous
road to Jerusalem. The plight of many pilgrims arriving in Jerusalem was so
piteous, that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>numerous attempts to
establish hospices in the Holy City were made over the centuries, all of which
proved unsustainable under Muslim rule. In or about 1080, the Benedictines
established a hospice in Jerusalem to care for the neediest Christian pilgrims
under a monk named Gerard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">Nineteen
years later, Jerusalem fell to the forces of the First Crusade. Not only did
the trickle of pilgrims to Jerusalem became a flood, thus creating a huge
demand for social welfare services, but the political and religious environment
was transformed. It became possible to build Christian structures, to openly
preach Christianity, and to appeal to Christian patrons for aid and support. Gerard
proved a talented, charismatic and exceptional leader. He created an
institution which would, in due time, be recognised by the pope as a unique
religious order —one of the few not named for its inspired founder. This order
was first known as the Hospital of St. John in Jerusalem, but its members were
later called simply ‘the Hospitallers’. During its period of militarization,
the order was known as the Knights of St. John or the Knights Hospitaller.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">This new
order was not dedicated to contemplation, learning and education, or the fight
against heresy or even preaching and the purification of souls. Rather, the
Hospitallers were dedicated to ‘serving the holy poor’. Regardless of their
background or social standing in the secular world, members of the order
considered themselves ‘serfs’ — or sometimes ‘slaves’ — of the poor.<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>
Strikingly, this new order made no distinction between the religion of the
poor, vowing to serve all, regardless of creed, colour or race. The members of
the new order were admonished to ‘love your enemies and do good to those who
hate you’.<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">Even after
the militarization of the Hospitallers in the late twelfth century, nursing and
caring for the sick and injured remained an obligation of all members of the
Order of St. John, including the knights. In fact, the hospital’s
militarisation caused a major internal crisis lasting more than three decades,
from 1171 to 1206. Initially, the Hospitallers appear to have employed
mercenaries to fulfil duties such as defending their installations or field
hospitals. Gradually, however, the Templar model took root inside the Order of
St. John, and full-fledged monks were allowed to bear arms and engage in
combat. Yet, despite the addition of knights and castles to the organization
and warfare to the agenda, charitable and merciful activities – and above all, health
care – remained the raison d’être of the Hospitallers. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">Over time,
other religious orders with similar missions — albeit rarely with mandates as
broad or an ethos as humble — were established. These included the German
Hospital (that later became the Teutonic Knights), the Hospitallers of St.
Thomas of Canterbury (providing medical care to English crusaders), the Order
of St. Lazarus (dedicated to caring for lepers), the Trinitarian Order
(dedicated to ransoming prisoners from Muslim captivity and slavery) and the
Spanish equivalent, the Mercedarians. Centuries later, the Hospitallers would
be imitated by the Salvation Army. Yet none of the medieval orders were as
rich, powerful or widespread as the Hospitallers, and none of the others has
endured into our own time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">As
international organizations, these religious institutions could draw on
resources, both material and human, from across Christendom and pool these
resources for specific tasks. This allowed them to collect recruits, alms,
gifts, grants and patronage wherever available and deploy it in accordance with
need. Royal or noble patronage of an institution could be decisive in its
success, and truly international orders like the Hospitallers could obtain
royal patronage, not from one, but dozens of crowned heads and their magnates —
an enormous resource. For example, in one instance, the King of Jerusalem
granted half the spoils of a military campaign to the Order of St. John. But it
was more common to endow the order with land or other sources of income. The
location where the money was raised was unrelated to where it was spent. The
international charitable orders could not only take from the rich to give to
the poor but also take from the West to give to the East. While this sounds
self-evident to us today, in the twelfth century, it was a radical innovation. </span></p>
<div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"></span><br clear="all" /><span style="font-family: Cabin;"></span></div>
<hr size="1" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="text-align: justify;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US">
Jonathan Riley-Smith, <i>Hospitallers: The History of the Order of St. John</i>
(London: Hambledon Press, 1999), 21.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US">
See note 24, Riley-Smith, <i>Hospitallers</i>, 21.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. </span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-55986551408166714732023-08-02T00:35:00.001-07:002023-08-02T00:35:33.685-07:00Life in the Crusader States: Education, Scholarship and Intellectual Life<p style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;">A literate
population presupposes education in some form. While many noblemen and women
would have received education at home from tutors, public schools were
necessary to foster a literate clergy. By 1120, the Church of the Holy
Sepulchre had established a cathedral school alongside the more famous
scriptorium. Other cathedral schools presumably existed, at least in Antioch,
Acre, Nazareth and Tyre. None of these schools evolved into a university, and
the Latin East did not contribute to the great contemporary debates on theology
and philosophy. Nevertheless, as preparatory schools for European universities
and as schools preparing secular elites for service in the bureaucracy and
courts, the quality of education appears to have been adequate to above
average.</span>
</p><p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNNmli4D-edPHsbQkaOVgIKRA7hYqkAfFNB1YaIp7-9t877705PmnC65K94492ZQQiVQWp1Qe1zCn4Vgsco_NBilPjx9LCs2ljreb--yGwBG7nkRwtrrSt9Z-sHJGc4XejqHMuK-s1aRlxBK1QGRNOwPleRRZndF6wtdq9J3Ddr5AUa6s5VhqXJvrrPqFN/s170/medieval%20university.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="161" data-original-width="170" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNNmli4D-edPHsbQkaOVgIKRA7hYqkAfFNB1YaIp7-9t877705PmnC65K94492ZQQiVQWp1Qe1zCn4Vgsco_NBilPjx9LCs2ljreb--yGwBG7nkRwtrrSt9Z-sHJGc4XejqHMuK-s1aRlxBK1QGRNOwPleRRZndF6wtdq9J3Ddr5AUa6s5VhqXJvrrPqFN/s1600/medieval%20university.jpg" width="170" /></a></p><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
text-align:justify;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US">Notably, it was not
the Franks alone who had access to higher education. By the thirteenth century,
the crusader states had become a centre for both Samaritan and Talmudic
studies, while </span><span lang="EN-US">a Jacobite school was founded in
Tripoli. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Nablus was the heart of Samaritan worship and
scholarship, and a large number of Torah scrolls from the crusader era testify
to the vitality of the Samaritan intellectual community. Meanwhile, Jewish
immigration to the Holy Land, particularly from Catalonia and France, enabled
Acre to become a vibrant Jewish intellectual hub with multiple competing
schools of Talmudic study. Indeed, prominent Egyptian Jew David ben Joshua
Maimonides fled to Acre to avoid persecution from his enemies in Egypt. In
roughly the same period, 1246-1259, the Syrian Jacobite Gregory bar Hebraeus
established a multidisciplinary school in Tripoli. Hebraeus was the author of
numerous works, including books on philosophy, rhetoric, cosmology, natural
history, psychology and metaphysics. </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">In Cyprus, village schools continued to provide rudimentary
instruction in Greek, but Greeks seeking higher education had to go to
Constantinople. For the much smaller Latin population, each of the four bishops
established and maintained grammar schools, while the Archbishop established a
grammar school and a secondary school focused on theology. Again, while
unremarkable as an intellectual centre, the grammar schools of Frankish Cyprus
enabled ‘a broad diffusion of functional literacy’.</span><a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US">Scholarship and Intellectual Life</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US">Despite the absence of a local academic centre, Cyprus’
geopolitical and economic position as an interface between the Arab Middle
East, Byzantium and Western Europe ensured that intellectual trends reached
Cyprus rapidly from these places. Because Cyprus was secure and wealthy, the
Lusignan court was free to focus on topics other than survival. Henry IV was
famous for inviting leading intellectuals to his court from the West,
Constantinople and Egypt, and the quality of intellectual discourse at the
Lusignan court was elevated enough to receive positive notice in
Constantinople. Indeed, it has been said that ‘the literature produced on
Cyprus … up to the reign of Peter I constitutes a flowering that is without
parallel before the Renaissance’.</span><a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US">The Frankish </span><span lang="EN-US">residents of the crusader states
on the mainland were likewise more than mere ‘consumers’ of books and
literature; they produced them as well. As mentioned in the previous chapter on
economics, the production of manuscripts was an economic activity of note,
which ensured they were readily available for purchase. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">More
important than the physical production of books was the amount of content that
originated in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. To be sure, the Latin East failed to attract
the great abstract thinkers of the age, yet it was far from devoid of
intellectual activity and scholarly work. Unsurprisingly, a great number of
works were written in the Holy Land concerning the history of the crusades and
the Latin East. The most important of these included: Fulcher of Chartres’
history, the ‘Gesta Tancredi’ by Raoul of Caen, the ‘Bella Antiochena’ by
Walter of Antioch, the ‘Hierosolymita’ by Ekkehard of Aura, the anonymous
‘Gesta Francorum’<i>, </i>and, of course, the aforementioned Chansons of
Antioch, Jerusalem and the Chetifs, the latter being a romance about crusaders
captured by Zengi, the Atabeg of Mosul, which was commissioned by Prince
Raymond of Antioch. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">In a class by
itself is William of Tyre’s ‘History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea’<i>, </i>which
has been called ‘one of the greatest historical works of the Middle Ages’.<a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a>
Even more extraordinary was Tyre’s ‘History of Islam’, a work commissioned by
King Amalric. This work is noteworthy on two counts: (1) that a scholar in the
Latin East was sufficiently conversant with Arabic and Arab sources to venture
such a task, and (2) that a Christian monarch was sufficiently interested in
his opponents to want to understand Islam and its roots.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Philip de
Novare<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was another outstanding intellectual
and scribe from the Latin East. Like a medieval Leonardo da Vinci, Novare was a
man of many talents. As a knight, he actively participated in most military
campaigns and battles of his age, yet he was also a poet, troubadour,
philosopher, historian and lawyer. Among his contemporaries, he was most
famous for his legal handbook on the laws of the Kingdoms of Jerusalem and
Cyprus, a book full of practical tips for how to ‘plea’ or argue a case. Today,
he is remembered as the author of the only comprehensive narrative describing
the baronial resistance to Emperor Frederick II’s rule in Outremer. Strikingly,
Novare was a man of obscure and
probable bourgeois origins and limited financial resources, yet he rose to a
position of influence and enjoyed widespread respect due to his intellectual —
rather than his military — capabilities. That says a great deal about the society
in which he lived, particularly since he was not alone in following this career
path. On the contrary, other men of more obscure origins, such as William de la Tor,
Rostain Aimer, Reynald Forson, Paul of Nablus, Philip Lebel, William Raymond,
Philip of Baisdoin, Raymond of Conches, Raymond and Nicholas of Antiaumes and
James Vidal gained prominence through their skill with the pen rather than the
sword. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">Collectively,
these men and their aristocratic colleagues, such as Ralph of Tiberias, Balian
de Sidon, Arneis of Gibelet, John d’Ibelin of Beirut and his nephew John of
Jaffa, produced a diverse body of works from legal treatises and histories to
romances. Their influence at home was such that by the mid-thirteenth century,
interest and understanding of the law had become ‘the chief characteristic of a
literate and cosmopolitan baronage in Jerusalem and Cyprus’.<a href="#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></a>
Nor was their influence confined to Outremer. On the contrary, their theories
on constitutional government profoundly influenced baronial movements across
Europe. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; font-family: Cabin;">To
this day, these works are admired. It has been suggested, for example, that ‘the greatest
monument to the western settlers in Palestine, finer even than the cathedrals
and castles still dominating the landscape, is the law book of John of Jaffa,
which … is one of the great works of thirteenth-century thought’.<a href="#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[v]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Cabin;"></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US">
See note 18, Grivaud, ‘Literature’ in <i>Cyprus: Society and Culture 1191-1374</i>,
226.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">See note 18, Grivaud, ‘Literature’ in <i>Cyprus: Society and
Culture 1191-1374</i>, 237.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn3">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[iii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US">
Christopher Tyreman, <i>The World of the Crusades</i> (New Haven: Yale
University Press, 2019), 110.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn4">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[iv]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US">
Andrew Jotischky, Crusading and the Crusader States (London: Pearson Longman,
2004), 227.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="font-family: Cabin;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[v]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>Jonathan Riley-Smith, <i><span style="color: black;">The
Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1174 – 1277</span></i><b><span style="color: black;"> (London:
Macmillan Press, 1973), 230. </span></b></span></span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Cabin;"><span>The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Cabin;"><span>Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. </span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-90571961382144088532023-07-25T23:38:00.000-07:002023-07-25T23:38:04.509-07:00Life in the Crusader States: Literacy<p style="text-align: center;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
text-align:justify;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous; font-size: 12pt;">Spoken command of a language is not the same as
literacy, whether in one’s native language or a foreign one. Although the
overall level of literacy in Outremer was not recorded, some indicators suggest
that literacy extended down the social scale at least as far as the gentry
class and was also high among urban burgesses. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinXfc_v6QSyhISJ55FF_tbHChPajMb8bs9oKhAt1qBpmamwZV1-ZeyhHIdT6KzuiNltaeOx507NEU8hgRkTQ-8km1yw8GL-q9VuJRysnuwnYImLgDNy7DdpKWJFpg0vE-FF2VbwGPaOkrqISAfXmELgKzDlHfj4_cdmHAmosUXOFhVKKUF2biOiy5G4lz7/s593/Book%20GIft.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="593" data-original-width="419" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinXfc_v6QSyhISJ55FF_tbHChPajMb8bs9oKhAt1qBpmamwZV1-ZeyhHIdT6KzuiNltaeOx507NEU8hgRkTQ-8km1yw8GL-q9VuJRysnuwnYImLgDNy7DdpKWJFpg0vE-FF2VbwGPaOkrqISAfXmELgKzDlHfj4_cdmHAmosUXOFhVKKUF2biOiy5G4lz7/s320/Book%20GIft.jpg" width="226" /></a></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
text-align:justify;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In Outremer, testaments
and bequests reveal that otherwise unremarkable knights owned multiple books
from different genres, such as devotional works, tour guides and romances.
Biographies and memoirs also mention books. In one case, a woman pilgrim
retained her psalter even after she was enslaved following the fall of the
Kingdom in 1187, highlighting that women, no less than men, owned and read
books in this period.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Library
inventories show the diversity and quality of texts available to scholars. They
include many works ‘inherited’ from their Arab predecessors, particularly in
the case of Antioch. The Arabs had collected books originating in Persia and
India, as well as the classical and Arab worlds. Unlike the Mongols, who turned
manuscripts into shoes and destroyed all of Baghdad’s thirty-six libraries
along with their books, the crusaders preserved existing Arab libraries and
expanded them. Thus, Frankish libraries were famous for containing books
unavailable in the West, as well as housing the usual translations of many
classical works, such as Virgil’s ‘Aeneid’<i> </i>and various works by
Aristotle, Euclid, Cicero and Ovid (including ‘Art of Love’ and ‘Remedies for
Love’). Antioch was also famous as a centre for scholarly research on medicine,
and its libraries contained many translations and original works on medical
theory. Histories were another genre in high demand in this period, and the
libraries of Outremer offered patrons histories of Rome, Thebes, and above all,
the crusades themselves. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Particularly
popular, and often found in private as well as institutional libraries and
collections, were books containing the prose and epic literature of the period.
The works of Chretien de Troyes, Walter de Châtillon’s ‘Chanson of Alexander’,
and the Chansons of Roland, Antioch, Jerusalem and ‘Chétifs’ all circulated
widely in the Latin East. In his study ‘Reading and Writing in Outremer’,
Anthony Bale concluded that ‘books were part of the everyday and fundamental
experience of the Latin Christians of the crusader kingdoms’.</span></p>
<p></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. </span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-20451485384961594142023-07-19T01:18:00.000-07:002023-07-19T01:18:22.240-07:00Life in the Crusader States: Language<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe;">Language has
a powerful yet often subconscious impact on identity and culture. When the
crusaders arrived in the Holy Land, the languages most commonly spoken by the region’s
natives were Arabic and Syriac. Greek, which had been the official and
commercial language for roughly a thousand years, was also still spoken by some
in urban areas, at least as a second language. In the north, particularly in
Edessa, Armenian was the dominant language. Despite their diverse backgrounds,
the crusaders spoke French as a common language supported by Latin,
particularly among the clerics, and French remained the language of the Franks
of Outremer for the next 200 years -- but not as people did in France and not exclusively.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgWGm1eqWYAlHAvsx3b3q1eVCOMXJ3if2xmXzFmnhkC66HrkfUbLLS1GNby8qhwsP7U4qrOgyur7bqDWf2LkOSCPL7szMKtOM7P6hUX2ytM7a9YYvzLARd093eBd9RPcZft9w-9LtKfXX7ZPVdvWZ_qFTfAsEHzhG4FYqce4ktXFyY3aDSF2B4J1GN4cX3/s310/tavern3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="163" data-original-width="310" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgWGm1eqWYAlHAvsx3b3q1eVCOMXJ3if2xmXzFmnhkC66HrkfUbLLS1GNby8qhwsP7U4qrOgyur7bqDWf2LkOSCPL7szMKtOM7P6hUX2ytM7a9YYvzLARd093eBd9RPcZft9w-9LtKfXX7ZPVdvWZ_qFTfAsEHzhG4FYqce4ktXFyY3aDSF2B4J1GN4cX3/s1600/tavern3.jpg" width="310" /></a></span></p><span style="font-family: Righteous;"></span>
<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">While the
Franks spoke French well and could communicate with Europeans in this tongue,
the spoken French of Outremer developed its own character. The residents of the
Holy Land rapidly began ‘to use the eloquence and idioms of diverse languages
in conversing back and forth [and] words of different languages [became] common
property known to each nationality’.<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In rural
areas, settlers generally moved into existing towns and villages, working the
land on the periphery and cultivating land that had lain fallow; they were
initially heavily dependent on the help and advice of the natives to cope with
an alien climate and unfamiliar crops. In urban areas, too, the local population
far outnumbered the Franks, at least in the first half-century. The Franks
frequented local shops, employed local craftsmen, drank in taverns and bathed
in bathhouses, all run by natives. The Franks’ dependence on the native
population created an urgent need to communicate and fostered friendships and
marriage. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Among the
lower classes of the second and third generation, many Franks were the product
of mixed marriages; that is, they had mothers who had grown up speaking
Armenian, Syriac or Arabic. Fulcher of Chartres, writing before 1130, notes:
‘For we who were occidentals have now become orientals… . Some [of us] have
taken wives not only of [our] own people but Syrians or Armenians or even
Saracens who have obtained the grace of baptism. One has his father-in-law as
well as his daughter-in-law living with him, or … his stepson or stepfather’.<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a>
Such arrangements fostered bilingualism as children grew up speaking their
mother and father’s tongues. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Even among
the feudal elite, intermarriage was strikingly common in the First Kingdom.
Baldwin I and Baldwin II both married Armenian women, as did Joscelyn I of
Edessa. Kings Baldwin III and Amalric took Greek Byzantine brides. Isabella I
of Jerusalem, from whom all the thirteenth-century ruling monarchs of the
kingdom descended, was one-half Greek, one-quarter Armenian, and only
one-quarter Frankish. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">While there
is no recorded incident of a knight or lord marrying a Saracen (despite what
Fulcher of Chartres says about men of lower rank doing so), surprisingly there
is substantial, if anecdotal, evidence that many of the ruling feudal elite
spoke fluent Arabic. Various chronicles record, usually without comment, how
Frankish lords communicated in Arabic. We know that both Humphrey de Toron II
and III spoke Arabic, as did Raymond of Tripoli and Hugh of Caesarea. Some of
these lords, such as Renard de Sidon and Nicolas of Acre, read Arabic well
enough to translate it. Baldwin d’Ibelin translated Arabic poetry into French.
William of Tyre wrote a history of Islam based on Arab primary sources. Some
historians allege that the Franks of the second and third generation spoke and
read Arabic ‘better than their European vernaculars’, although the basis for
this assertion is unclear.<a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a>
Nevertheless, we know that the sons of John of Beirut, who spent at least half
their lives in Greek-speaking Cyprus, were sufficiently fluent in Arabic to
translate what the Mamluks were saying in Arabic among themselves to Jean de
Joinville during the Seventh Crusade. Indeed, some of the Ibelins spoke French,
Arabic, Greek and Latin by this point. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The
linguistic situation in Cyprus was different. Arabic had never taken hold on
the island, and the majority of the native population spoke Greek. Despite the
influx of Syriac and Arabic-speaking refugees from the mainland in the latter
half of the thirteenth century, Greek remained the dominant language. French
was spoken at the Lusignan court and among the Frankish feudal elite, but Greek
was used for various administrative purposes, in diplomatic correspondence and
to communicate with tenants, peasants, workers and the like. Consequently, the
immigrants were forced to learn Greek, and within a few generations, Cyprus had
evolved its own Greek dialect with strong influence from French and Italian.
Indeed, one thirteenth-century Greek intellectual complained of the
‘barbarisation’ of Greek and claimed that ‘people learned ‘Frankish’, so that
no one knew what their language was any more’.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"> <a href="#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[iv]</span></span></span></a></span></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Fulcher of Chartres’ History, Book III, quoted in <i>The Crusades: A Reader, </i>eds.
S.J. Allen and Emilie Amt (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014), 88-89.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Fulcher of Chartres, <i>A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1095-1127,
Book III</i>, translated by F.R. Ryan (Knoxville: University of Tennessee
Press, 1969), 152. Reproduced in <i>The Crusades: A Reader</i>, eds. S.J. Allen
and Emilie Amt (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014), 88.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Urban Tignor Holmes, ‘Life among the Europeans in Palestine and Syria in the
Twelfth and Thirteenth Century’ in <i>A History of the Crusades Volume 4: The
Art and Architecture of the Crusader States</i>, ed. Harry W. Hazard (Madison:
University of Wisconsin Press, 1977), 41.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Gilles Grivaud, <a name="_Hlk57644387">‘Literature’, in <i>Cyprus: Society and
Culture 1191-1374</i>,</a> eds. Angel Nicolaou-Konnari and Chris Schabel
(Leiden: Brill, 2005), 223.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. </span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-38340620829405466752023-07-12T02:30:00.005-07:002023-07-19T01:18:45.399-07:00Life in the Crusader States: Music and Performing Arts<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:DoNotShowComments/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
text-indent:.5in;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;
mso-ligatures:standardcontextual;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;">Because music,
dance and the performing arts are ephemeral art forms, they generally elude
historical documentation. Yet we know from the written record that all these
art forms thrived in the crusader states.</span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizu1e9r3vMn11nh-bC7_6nMdwNaPXaVxXUzUeyNPT2Lb99UeNqZy2EYtDDLpppMVbknv7lbNxTEWcghRFvyI29zeKVMkHa3TCBRbTaEm9Rayn_Mkhy1f2q5VSsTPYFeCwvySW6NMcSodqLLk7W473vwmum60Uhm6krApQznFhdt-jmtk7IRMl764eCCA/s283/Song%20and%20Dance.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="283" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizu1e9r3vMn11nh-bC7_6nMdwNaPXaVxXUzUeyNPT2Lb99UeNqZy2EYtDDLpppMVbknv7lbNxTEWcghRFvyI29zeKVMkHa3TCBRbTaEm9Rayn_Mkhy1f2q5VSsTPYFeCwvySW6NMcSodqLLk7W473vwmum60Uhm6krApQznFhdt-jmtk7IRMl764eCCA/s1600/Song%20and%20Dance.jpg" width="283" /></a></div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">We know that an early form of drama was part of the cultural life
of Outremer’s nobility. Performances of episodes from the legend of King
Arthur, for example, were part of the festivities surrounding the knighting of
the Lord of Beirut’s eldest sons. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">We know that music was part of the culture
through Novare’s tales of singing satirical ballads outside besieged castles.
Organs are mentioned in the inventory of the Lusignan palace at Nicosia.
Richard the Lionheart wrote songs and allegedly heard a female slave of al-Adil
give a musical performance. More generally, this was an age when polyphonic
music was flourishing, music was notated, and musical instruments became more
sophisticated. Given the constant pilgrim traffic to the Latin East, musical
trends from the West presumably arrived in Outremer with each sailing season. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">However, Western musical innovations would have confronted powerful native
traditions emanating from Constantinople. It is likely Outremer’s music was as
multifaceted and diverse as its other art forms and was a unique hybrid,
drawing on varied musical traditions. Unfortunately, we will never know it,
much less enjoy it. </span></p>
<p></p><p> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. </span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-53638428485716604652023-07-05T00:35:00.000-07:002023-07-05T00:35:01.230-07:00Life in the Crusader States: Icons<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;">It was not
merely in the production of miniatures on parchment that Frankish painters
excelled. Acre and Frankish Cyprus both developed into centres for icon
painting, that is, larger-scale paintings on wood, while Tripoli and Antioch
appear to have engaged in icon production on a smaller scale. The popularity of private icons to hang in one's home was taken back from the Latin East to Italy where the tradition evolved into what we know as paintings -- images on square of canvas that serve a decorative rather than devotional purpose.<br /></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBDYpqZXMbGdzuusLLMH1nwikV3uPupUTYSnSXpcWGxodsj_oQ9i80F39Zymn_OiX7GgTcsdGJW45Hrdu5QPJcNet3kCfYGlMVZBIPL3OSQgHIB7Z4TKoIXNMTOE3aVe6VJc-8Dbjnwcggy60EO3oGp_yS7cC-OqOYD8RPDhCNGAyHcnFq3gemxptnSA/s968/St.Sergios-St.Bacchus-St.Catherines-Sinai.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="968" data-original-width="655" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBDYpqZXMbGdzuusLLMH1nwikV3uPupUTYSnSXpcWGxodsj_oQ9i80F39Zymn_OiX7GgTcsdGJW45Hrdu5QPJcNet3kCfYGlMVZBIPL3OSQgHIB7Z4TKoIXNMTOE3aVe6VJc-8Dbjnwcggy60EO3oGp_yS7cC-OqOYD8RPDhCNGAyHcnFq3gemxptnSA/s320/St.Sergios-St.Bacchus-St.Catherines-Sinai.jpg" width="217" /></a></p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">Cyprus was particularly famous for its ‘vita’ icons, in which a
central image of a saint was surrounded by smaller scenes depicting his or her
life. Like Frankish sculpture, Frankish icons fused elements from the artistic
heritage of the culturally diverse population of Outremer. Frankish knights and
ladies (based on their dress) pray to Eastern saints; dedications were often
bilingual in Latin and Greek. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">Surviving Frankish icons reveal their high quality and distinctive
features. One of their particularly telling features was the popularity of
‘soldier saints’ — St. George, St. Theodore, St. Demetrios, St. Bacchus and St.
Minas. These were invariably depicted in armour and mounted on high-stepping or
rearing horses. Some carry lances, while others — significantly — are armed
with bows, suggesting native Christian patronage of substantial means. Another
notable feature of Frankish icons is the frequent inclusion of female patrons —
a distinctly Western tradition incorporated into an Eastern art form. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">These icons highlight the degree to which icons had become popular
for private devotion among the Frankish elites and the Italians. The
inhabitants of Outremer increasingly wanted to own and hang icons in their
homes. Unlike sculptures or frescoes anchored to the buildings they decorated,
icons could be packed away, transported or given as gifts. They even made their
way to Italy, where the icon evolved into paintings as we know them today —
images painted on canvas or wood hung on walls.<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> <br /></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Andrew
Jotischky, <i>Crusading and the Crusader States</i> (London: Pearson Longman,
2004), 149.</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p><p> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. </span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-72742980664343371322023-06-27T23:43:00.002-07:002023-06-27T23:43:58.973-07:00Life in the Crusader States: Manuscript Illustrations<p style="text-align: center;"><b><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: Righteous;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The Church of
the Holy Sepulchre’s scriptorium was founded in the first decades of the
Kingdom of Jerusalem by monks from Europe, who brought their skills and
understanding of the medium with them. For roughly 200 years, they produced
illustrated manuscripts in the Holy Land. Their products exhibited exceptionally high quality and also evinced a unique hybrid
style mixing elements from a variety of artistic traditions from Byzantium to the Mongols. </span></span></b></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaL1sJeVB1POI87kYon6-JHvTfB8264TdJrqAZMk0VxJkGZr8Ah_t3Ver_K29YsehvnslKJJ5h9Mu8725eXH8nohwvGcqTEJvb8IeYKnJWesVRWYeTcm4gf2B5Y0T7dgqZ1wd3JC62BineIaGsY-bwv_ATetHLgTuLhc1q286nan4jv1yFlRYEhgD2dg/s260/Louis%20IX%20-%20Arsenal%20Bible.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="194" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaL1sJeVB1POI87kYon6-JHvTfB8264TdJrqAZMk0VxJkGZr8Ah_t3Ver_K29YsehvnslKJJ5h9Mu8725eXH8nohwvGcqTEJvb8IeYKnJWesVRWYeTcm4gf2B5Y0T7dgqZ1wd3JC62BineIaGsY-bwv_ATetHLgTuLhc1q286nan4jv1yFlRYEhgD2dg/w239-h320/Louis%20IX%20-%20Arsenal%20Bible.jpeg" width="239" /></a></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A portrait of King Louis IX of France from a bible produced for him in Acre.<br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">By 1134, the Jerusalem workshop produced one of the most remarkable works
of Frankish art still extant today: Queen Melisende’s Psalter. While this work
created for royalty is the finest example of the quality of work performed in
Jerusalem’s scriptorium, other works show it was no aberration. Throughout the
half-century that followed, high-quality liturgical books were produced for
those who could afford them. All testify to the hybrid artistic culture
evolving at this time in which Western artists borrowed native and Byzantine
Orthodox techniques, motifs and saints. Unsurprisingly, Byzantine influence was
at its height in the latter two decades of this period, when the Kingdom of
Jerusalem was allied with the Byzantine Empire, and Byzantine queens resided in
the Frankish capital. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">The negotiated surrender of Jerusalem in 1187 enabled the canons
of the Holy Sepulchre to survive with their skills (and probably most of their
unfinished works) intact. After the establishment of the Second Kingdom, the
scriptorium was re-established in Acre. Other ateliers grew up around it,
making Acre a centre for book production. One of the most outstanding books
produced and illustrated in Acre is the ‘Arsenal’ bible produced for King Louis
IX of France. This and other works testify to the continued existence of the
Frankish or ‘crusader style’ of book illustration that incorporated Eastern and
Western elements. Surprisingly, many of the existing examples of Acre’s
manuscript workshops are secular works. William of Tyre’s ‘History of Deeds
Done Beyond the Sea’ was evidently popular, and multiple illustrated versions
of this history have survived. More unusual is an illustrated version of John
of Jaffa’s ‘Assizes of Jerusalem’<i>.</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">Astonishingly, manuscript production continued right up to the
fall of Acre. In one surviving manuscript, all the illustrations but the last
are done in the distinctive Frankish style; the final illustration is
distinctively Venetian. One can imagine this manuscript being rescued aboard a
Venetian ship in the final days of Acre, while the artist remained behind to
fight and die in the Mamluk onslaught. </span></p>
<p></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. </span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> <br /></p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8683681702039130081.post-38412049370467836152023-06-19T02:30:00.017-07:002023-06-19T03:15:58.527-07:00LIfe in the Crusader States: Architectural Decoration<p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:DoNotShowComments/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
text-indent:.5in;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;
mso-ligatures:standardcontextual;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Righteous;">The most
important remnants of Frankish art dating from the twelfth century are the
decorations of the key crusader shrines: The Church of the Holy Sepulchre
(Jerusalem), the Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem) and the Church of the
Annunciation (Nazareth), as well as lesser crusader structures such as the
Church of St. Anne, the Baptistry on the Temple Mount and the Templar and
Hospitaller Headquarters.</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFku0o82eiqayBeQ83doJLTz4T5u8VcMsVUQ2TFlynYgF2DveNqErCEfcxbmk7yYFmnKWMLVaGTKetnI3NH6SXDUHREWYdMpqfR9paqMZ6bpnrSbyz8LKv3DZCi0iLkXEz8kJSrXpI_JPf3PmTqbSazRfF3w0i8rnsl0lxvlZH9V3xDV7-_lGCtNNWzg/s300/Bethlehem%20-%20Church%20of%20the%20Nativity%20-%20Crusdaer%20mosaic.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="205" data-original-width="300" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFku0o82eiqayBeQ83doJLTz4T5u8VcMsVUQ2TFlynYgF2DveNqErCEfcxbmk7yYFmnKWMLVaGTKetnI3NH6SXDUHREWYdMpqfR9paqMZ6bpnrSbyz8LKv3DZCi0iLkXEz8kJSrXpI_JPf3PmTqbSazRfF3w0i8rnsl0lxvlZH9V3xDV7-_lGCtNNWzg/s1600/Bethlehem%20-%20Church%20of%20the%20Nativity%20-%20Crusdaer%20mosaic.jpeg" width="300" /></a></b></div><b>Mosaics in the Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem<br /></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was dedicated on the fiftieth
anniversary of the crusader capture of Jerusalem on 15 July 1149. The
decorations which adorned the new structure reflected Roman, early Christian,
Byzantine, Romanesque and even Arab decorative motifs along with Franco-Italian
imagery. This was achieved by employing artists and craftsmen from the West and
East, sculptors, masons, masters of mosaic work, and painters. Altogether, ‘it
was a magnificent ecumenical statement of East and West unified in this unique
Crusader sculptural ensemble’.<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">The Church of the Nativity, the next spectacular renovation of the
Frankish era, exhibits even more Eastern influence primarily because the
Byzantine Emperor Manuel I was a joint sponsor of the project along with King
Amalric. Here, mosaics dominated the decorative scheme, building on the
remnants of the sixth-century church while adding new mosaic panels. The latter
were designed and executed under the guidance of a Byzantine master by
Frankish, Venetian and Byzantine craftsmen. Texts worked into the mosaics are
in Greek, Latin and Syriac. In addition to the extensive mosaics, the columns
were painted.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">Work on a major church in Nazareth to mark the site of the
Annunciation did not begin until after 1170. It was an ambitious project, with
a 73-metre nave. The decoration differed dramatically from Bethlehem and Jerusalem,
emphasizing sculpture rather than mosaics or frescoes. Work was not completed
before Saladin’s invasion in 1187, and five of the column capitals intended for
the church were buried for safekeeping. These have since been discovered and
the outstanding quality of these figures initially led scholars to suspect a
sculptor from southern France. Now, however, it is widely accepted that the
artist was local — bearing witness to the high standard achieved by local
artists in this period. The figures of the portals, tragically, have survived
only as broken fragments because Baybars razed the church in 1263.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">Much of the stonework done for Templar headquarters in Jerusalem,
on the other hand, survived through reuse in Islamic structures because human
figures were not depicted. It can be seen today, particularly in the Al-Aqsa
mosque. In addition, based on sixteenth-century sketches, it appears the tombs
of the first seven rulers of Jerusalem were excellent works of art.
Unfortunately, the tombs themselves were severely damaged when Jerusalem fell
to the Khwarazmians in 1244 and later utterly destroyed in an a fire in 1808.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cabin;">Likewise, nothing remains of the furnishings and decorations of
Frankish dwellings. Nevertheless, visitors from the West frequently commented
on the interior adornment and paintings of the houses in the Latin East, albeit
without providing descriptions precise enough to enable us to visualise them.
The account of the hall in Beirut’s palace cited earlier informs us that
artisans capable of producing everything from water-spewing dragons to
polychrome marble that imitated flowers or hanging curtains and paving stones
that mimicked ripples in the sand could be found in the crusader states. For
those who could not afford polychrome marble, there was glazed and painted
ceramics, wood, and plaster. The two latter media could be painted in
monochrome colours or with patterns, foliage or entire scenes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br /></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> See note 10,
Folda, <i>Crusader Art</i>, 44.</span></p>
</div>
</div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. </span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7STDuBbSGRhK1Sm4TxXMfjRi-DKXBh1Zua-WDoac4HVqeB_qC0geBKqJXU7IFGH76nVYMF2Pc1_B_iM3BRTOnY6_o6TpXqnniYWg0brW5NpIfmGgf5cmOvNlkvtslOHBMjFpDUA1QIWb/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Yz0cKC35NpsWswFQAlu5dmC04i2x8_RFNB_CJRRbQ6VqTR7oh6_S0T3MccKDbzk_dO5-f51KYP-Z-uQpICNABtmYBxbe1PaBDW4zKR3mpkrTxJb5WxDxhz7qJphArRQHsmWtHIqSjFl3/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5vlcukhBf0xIp6a44hQdCLm2PAAoSbT6IGuzJ0zcM0CUWaKBYQWw4tJoO1GZTkFL-6_tPAjBryvQak1mr_FTXzkl3zcU8pp6FNRfvh-ep1uEZM8OYsrQ2KNU8OT4iUsq_rvxycQV1J_f/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVO1rsCVYWgMF8EhNbDm9D1Sv5SGKBinAxdu8ZNS_rz348pxuivSjmyc15NkbzLthtUVsjETQ_3w-iCYUk9F_fUlTYfVl6xqwTpt0vQ_NsbO0DZfLv-NWEwGwfSdEx7VQZ03AI_7cweI/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWgh8bi8rvXZQihFPX7_5qqzTUSyCAfjYTDIxkPKvu4W9iyH0hmSf56uqtPiAxPYd_dUu-oydN59Frpbj31LHGNIAmqfBzPvII2LTDPLdxDSEEZhCmQmzKQw-ODemw2sNbOCxvaYCSbUq/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKejvc5_t8MWz0KnYV7OePBJRNuDyT8-IKCzwHv-RfdMzFMIIltpsO14domubftajk9ZCLIHeD9Om3J8KCu4fL7gI-qql2Ns_YFu_-TwnncljNAR6pkEnFgDLpKGdgC_nZt3vT9F_sH2k/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com1